我国农村小额信贷的发展问题及可持续性研究

发布时间：2019-02-22 09:59

【摘要】：小额信贷自上世纪70年代产生以来，作为农村主要的扶贫方式和手段，，已经在国际范围内得到广泛的认可，它旨在通过小额信贷机构为传统金融机构难以惠及到的广大农户提供以信用借贷为主的金融服务，并通过外来资金的注入，打破由于投资不足造成的长期贫困恶性循环。目前，经过近40年的发展，小额信贷已经覆盖了大部分的发展中国家以及少数发达国家。为全球的贫困事业的发展做了巨大的贡献。我国于1993年正式引入以格莱珉银行为模板的GB模式小额信贷项目，并在试点项目上取得了巨大成就，并为我国小额信贷业务的发展提供了成功的经验和范式。通过近20年的推广发展，小额信贷经历了实验阶段、推广阶段、发展阶段到现在的创新阶段，已经成为我国农村金融体系和长期扶贫事业不可缺少的重要组成部分。对缓解农村金融市场的供需失衡、优化农村金融体系、促进农村经济发展、农业科技进步和农民生活水平提高等多方面起到了不可忽视的作用。但目前我国农村小额信贷还显稚嫩，未形成成熟的产业体系，主要表现在资金供给不足导致的供求矛盾依旧凸显、小额信贷自身的可持续运营能力缺乏、目标客户瞄准机制不健全、信贷产品单一灵活性不够等多方面。总结我国农村小额信贷20年的实践经验，可以得出，其发展走的是一条以政治干预为主导的发展道路，市场化程度较弱。未来我国小额信贷的发展趋势应逐渐由扶贫为主的福利性小额信贷向商业化为主的制度性小额信贷发展，增强小额信贷机构的可持续性、抵御风险能力和产品创新能力。本文共分为六章。第一章绪论部分介绍研究背景与意义、国内外文献综述。第二章介绍小额信贷的相关概念，包括小额概述、理论基础和信贷模式。第三章从发展经验角度研究国外典型的小额信贷模式，并从中得出对我国小额信贷发展的启示与借鉴。第四章介绍我国自引进小额信贷以来的发展历程和发展现状，从供求两方面分析其发展趋势，并对比分析了我国小额信贷较为成功的“浙江模式”和“内蒙古模式”。第五章提出我国小额信贷的发展在政策法规和内外因两方面的制约因素，第六章主要讨论小额信贷的可持续发展的对策建议本文通过介绍小额信贷的基本理念和国际先进的理论发展趋势，并在此基础上针对对国内外小额信贷的成熟模式和经验进行可行性的分析，结合我国农村基本经济发展环境，指出小额信贷在我国可持续发展方面的存在的不足和出现的问题。在分析和研究不同的制度选择和政策制定对小额信贷的发展，有针对性地对各地区域化差异造成的实际情况加以具体分析和研究，并且提出具有区域化特点的对策建议。
[Abstract]:Since the emergence of microcredit in the 1970s, as the main way and means of poverty alleviation in rural areas, it has been widely recognized in the international scope. It aims to provide credit and loan-oriented financial services to farmers who cannot benefit from traditional financial institutions through microfinance institutions and to break the long-term vicious circle of poverty caused by insufficient investment through the injection of foreign funds. At present, after nearly 40 years of development, microcredit has covered most of the developing countries and a few developed countries. It has made a great contribution to the development of the global poverty cause. In 1993, our country formally introduced the GB model microcredit project with Grameen Bank as the template, and made great achievements in the pilot project, and provided the successful experience and paradigm for the development of the microfinance business in our country. Through the extension and development of nearly 20 years, microfinance has experienced the experimental stage, the extension stage, the development stage to the present innovation stage, has already become our country countryside finance system and the long-term poverty alleviation enterprise essential important component. It has played an important role in alleviating the imbalance between supply and demand in rural financial market, optimizing the rural financial system, promoting the development of rural economy, the progress of agricultural science and technology and the improvement of farmers' living standard. But at present, the rural micro-credit in our country is still tender and immature, and has not formed a mature industrial system. The main manifestation is that the contradiction between supply and demand caused by the insufficient supply of funds is still prominent, and the sustainable operation ability of micro-credit itself is lacking. Target customer targeting mechanism is not perfect, credit product single flexibility is not enough and so on. Summing up the practical experience of 20 years of rural micro-credit in China, it can be concluded that the development of micro-credit is based on political intervention, and the degree of marketization is weak. In the future, the development trend of micro-credit in China should be gradually changed from welfare micro-credit based on poverty alleviation to institutional micro-credit based on commercialization, so as to strengthen the sustainability of microfinance institutions, resist risks and product innovation ability. This paper is divided into six chapters. The first chapter introduces the background and significance of the research, literature review at home and abroad. The second chapter introduces the related concepts of microfinance, including a summary of microfinance, theoretical basis and credit model. The third chapter studies the typical microfinance model in foreign countries from the perspective of development experience, and draws inspiration and reference to the development of microfinance in China. The fourth chapter introduces the development history and present situation of our country since the introduction of microfinance, analyzes its development trend from the two aspects of supply and demand, and compares and analyzes the "Zhejiang Model" and "Inner Mongolia Model", which are more successful in China's microfinance industry. In the fifth chapter, the author points out that the development of microfinance in China is restricted by policies, regulations and internal and external factors. The sixth chapter mainly discusses the countermeasures and suggestions of the sustainable development of microfinance. This paper introduces the basic concepts of microfinance and the international advanced theoretical development trend. On the basis of this, this paper analyzes the feasibility of the mature mode and experience of microfinance at home and abroad, and points out the shortcomings and problems of microfinance in the sustainable development of our country by combining with the basic economic development environment in rural areas of our country. In the analysis and study of different institutional choices and policy making to the development of microfinance, the specific analysis and study of the actual situation caused by the regional differences in various regions, and put forward some countermeasures and suggestions with the characteristics of regionalization.
【学位授予单位】：天津商业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F832.43

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