美国革命中的政体想象与国家构建——解读《埃塞克斯决议》

发布时间：2018-01-19 04:31

本文关键词： 《埃塞克斯决议》国家构建倾向于被统治者的政治思维美国革命的激进性　出处：《史学集刊》2016年03期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：当13个殖民地脱离母国而独立之际,美国革命者就新国家的政体原则和政府形式进行了热烈的讨论。有人主张以英国政体为蓝本,有人倡导仿效古代雅典民主,还有人试图在某些殖民地政府模式的基础上略加改造。1778年马萨诸塞的《埃塞克斯决议》则提出了一个颇具想象力的新型共和政体方案。《决议》并非如以往史家所说的那样仅只为少数富人争取权势,而是主张本着社会契约、人民主权和自然权利的原则,建立一个开放而中立的国家,基于民众与精英的共治和平衡,以保障包括少数富人在内的全体居民的"安全和幸福"。《决议》关注的不是加强国家的能力,而是防范国家的利益偏向和权力集中,以维护被统治者的自由和安全。这种国家构建的主张,不仅与当时世界上绝大多数国家的状况迥然不同,而且也与当前政治学理论对国家的描述大有出入。它从一个侧面反映了美国革命在政治上的创造性和激进性。
[Abstract]:When the 13 colonies became independent from their home countries, the American revolutionaries had a heated discussion on the principles of government and the form of government in the new country. Some advocated emulating ancient Athenian democracy. In 1778, Massachusetts's Essex Resolution proposed an imaginative new republic. Historians used to say that they were fighting for power only for a small number of rich people. Instead, he advocated the establishment of an open and neutral state based on the principles of social contract, people's sovereignty and natural rights, based on the common governance and balance between the people and the elite. In order to guarantee the "safety and happiness" of the whole population, including the few rich people, the resolution is concerned not with strengthening the state's capacity, but with guarding against the national interests bias and the centralization of power. In order to preserve the freedom and security of the governed, such a state of affairs is not only different from the situation of the vast majority of countries in the world at that time. It reflects the political creativity and radicalization of the American revolution.
【作者单位】：复旦大学历史学系;
【基金】：国家社会科学基金2012年度重点课题“美国早期政治文化的演变研究”(12ASS001)的阶段性成果
【分类号】：K712.4
【正文快照】： 美国政治学家弗朗西斯·福山近期的理论取向有所变化,从先前推许“自由民主”的胜利转而强调国家能力和秩序的重要性。他把国家、法治和责任政府(民主)看成政治发展的“三大组件”,认为三者发生的顺序不同,对政治发展的进程及后果有决定性的影响;若在三者不可兼得的情况下,应

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