肯定性行动兴衰原因初探

发布时间：2021-04-06 00:35

　　肯定性行动是美国民权政策的一个重要组成部分,其内容不仅涉及到美国社会中最敏感的种族问题,而且还牵涉到宪法、传统价值观、政治认同、社会文化等一系列问题,因此研究肯定性行动有助于加深我们对美国社会的进一步了解。肯定性行动是美国民权运动高涨的产物。从六十年代中期开始到八十年代初是肯定性行动兴盛的时期。肯定性行动的确在缓和种族矛盾、增加黑人及其他少数族裔的就业和入学机会以及提高他们的社会地位方面发挥了重要的作用。然而肯定性行动自出台之日就不断引起人们的争论。八十年代初,保守主义成为美国社会的主要思潮,直接影响到联邦政府的民权政策,此外,黑人中产阶级崛起。越来越多的白人声称遭受“反向歧视”,对肯定性行动表示不满。肯定性行动因而逐渐受到政府的限制而开始走下坡路。本文简要介绍了肯定性行动的出台,并通过案例对肯定性行动的兴盛和衰落进行研究,通过分析,笔者得出结论,即肯定性行动的兴衰主要受到以下三个因素影响,即时代背景、社会思潮和政府态度。这三种因素形成一种合力,不仅影响了肯定性行动的兴衰起落,而且还将继续影响肯定性行动未来的走向。 

【文章来源】：外交学院北京市

【文章页数】：57 页

【学位级别】：硕士

【文章目录】：
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Origin of Affirmative Action: A Literature Review
    2.1 Civil Rights Movement: Beginning of Affirmative Action
    2.2 Civil Rights Act of 1964
        2.2.1 Equal Opportunity
        2.2.2 Establishment of Civil Rights Act of 1964
    2.3 Executive Orde111246: Cornerstone of Affirmative Action
    2.4 OFCCP: Ultimate Establishment of Affirmative Action
Chapter 3 Factors behind the Rise of Affirmative Action
    3.1 Social Context
        3.1.1 A New Image of Blacks
        3.1.2 Rapid Development of Mass Media
    3.2 Prevailing Ideas
    3.3 Political Climate
        3.3.1 Nixon Administration’s Attitude
        3.3.2 Carter Administration’s Attitude
    3.4 Case Study: Griggs v. Duke Power Co
        3.4.1 Background
        3.4.2 Decision of Courts
Chapter 4 Factors behind the Fall of Affirmative Action
    4.1 Social Context
        4.1.1 Economic Achievements of African Americans
        4.1.2 Increasing Influence of Conservative Forces
    4.2 Prevailing Ideas
        4.2.1 Arguments against Compensation
        4.2.2 Issue of Racial Identity and White Opinions
        4.2.3 Argument of Reverse Discrimination
    4.3 Political Climate
        4.3.1 Regan Administration’s Attitude
        4.3.2 Bush Administration’s Attitude
    4.4 Case Study: City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co
        4.4.1 Background
        4.4.2 Decision of Courts
Chapter 5 Conclusion
Bibliography



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