约翰·亚当斯关于政府的思想及其思想来源的探究

发布时间：2022-05-08 09:29

　　本文主要根据约翰·亚当斯的《政府的思考》和《为美国政府宪法的辩护》两部作品探讨他关于政府的思想及其思想来源和影响。本文首先简要介绍了亚当斯这两部作品的写作时期（十八世纪六十年代到八十年代）美国和欧洲的社会历史背景,意在从社会和历史的角度更好地理解亚当斯作品中所阐述的关于政府的思想。亚当斯通过批判法国文人图尔果（Turgot）提出来的“美国革命时期宪法中的权力相互制衡是一味的模仿英国宪法,而这种制衡在美国这样一个平等社会无用武之地”等观点,阐明了自己对于政府的看法。他强调“法治而不是人治的政府”,他认为所有的宪法都必须建立在以下三个重要原则的基础上:第一,代议制;第二,立法、行政和司法三权分立;第三,混合和制衡的立法机构。亚当斯关于这些原则的思考与他对人性,平等和美德等观点的看法是不可分割的。亚当斯对人性的看法很现实,他相信人类能够举止善良,但也会非常邪恶。他认为只有宪法这种制度化的手段才能控制并利用人们的“激情”。亚当斯认为社会中的不平等是不可避免的,因此不可避免的会产生“天生的贵族”。亚当斯希望能够利用宪法明智地运用管理这些人,同时也不要让他们干涉人民的权利。他的解决办法就是将他们同... 

【文章页数】：70 页

【学位级别】：硕士

【文章目录】：
Chapter 1 Introduction
    1.1 The scope and purpose of the thesis
    1.2 The method of the study
    1.3 Literature review
    1.4 Organization of the thesis
Chapter 2 The social and historical context of Adams’s works
    2.1 The social and historical context from 1776 to 1787
    2.2 The immediate context of John Adams’s works
    2.3 A brief overview of John Adams’s roles during the War for Independence and the formation of the new republic
Chapter 3 John Adams’s ideas on government
    3.1 John Adams’s definition of basic concepts of government
        3.1.1 The end of government
        3.1.2 The best form of government
            3.1.2.1 The critique of simple government
            3.1.2.2 Republican government
    3.2 John Adams’s ideas on the essential principles of government
        3.2.1 Representation
        3.2.2 Separation of powers
        3.2.3 Mixed and balanced government
    3.3 Other aspects of John Adams’s ideas on government
        3.3.1 John Adams’s ideas on human nature and its relevance to constitution making
        3.3.2 John Adams’s ideas on public virtue
        3.3.3 John Adams’s views on inequality and aristocracy
Chapter 4 Sources of John Adams’s political ideas
    4.1 The heritage from the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
        4.1.1 Influence of Lockean epistemology and political philosophy of John Lock
        4.1.2 Methodology of Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton
    4.2 Influence of Machiavelli’s political thoughts
    4.3 Influence of James Harrington’s political ideas on government
    4.4 Influence of the colonial politics of the eighteenth century
    4.5 The social reality of the revolutionary era
Chapter 5 The embodiment of John Adams’s ideas on government and his contributions
    5.1 The embodiment of Adams’s ideas on government in the Massachusetts Constitution
    5.2 Adams’s contributions to the constitution making
Chapter 6 Conclusion
Bibliography



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