内生主导型农村金融体系构建问题研究

  本文关键词：内生主导型农村金融体系构建问题研究，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。

        “三农”问题是中国当前最大的问题,而“三农”问题归根结底就是农村经济发展问题。现阶段我国农村经济发展的真正“瓶颈”是资金问题。而农村金融是农村经济发展中最为重要的资本要素配置制度,是农村经济发展的核心问题之一。科学有序的金融活动是繁荣农村经济必不可少的重要条件。改革开放以来,农村经济制度、组织形式和法人治理结构发生了深刻变化,极大地促进了农村经济的快速发展,但是农村金融制度却少有革命性变革。国家为了给农村经济发展提供有效的金融支持而设立的政策性功能、商业性功能和合作性功能相区别的三类金融机构并没有解决农村资金缺口问题,却有资金缺口扩大的趋势。反倒是农村的民问借贷在满足农户与农村中小企业资金需求上发挥了较大的作用,这与国家一直试图建立的以合作金融为基础,商业性金融、政策性金融分工协作的农村金融体系南辕北辙。简单的市场化和商业化使农村金融并没有发生实质性的变革,简单的机构分设和业务重新划分并未从根本上解决农村经济主体信贷需求难的问题。国家仍然没有为小农提供合适的金融服务机构,也没有对农村金融服务提供相应的援助和支持,国家仅仅通过增加农村贷款量的方式并不能解决农村金融问题。纵观农村金融制度的历次变迁,可以看出其中的两个明显特征：(1)农村金融体制和制度的每次变迁均是自上而下的政府强制性外部行为,而非自下而上的诱发性行为,更不是农村经济主体自主性内生行为。(2)农村金融体制和制度的每次变迁均是法人地位和权利的易位,而非组织结构形式的变动以及金融产权主体的让渡。也就是说,都是形式上的变化,而非经营管理模式以及金融效率提高等实质上的变革。改革开放以来,农村金融改革低效的根本原因在于政府主导的强制性改革模式。该模式是在延续传统外生主导型金融供给制度框架下的“技术性努力”,反映的仍然是国家的利益偏好。“技术性改进”只能产生短期变革效应,无法从根本上改善农村金融运行的总体环境,无法给农村金融成长提供一个崭新的制度环境。因此必须改革农村金融改革的路径：即从由上而下的反应政府利益偏好的强制性改革模式转化为由下而上的体现需求主体利益偏好的诱致性改革模式,也即农村金融成长方式须由外生主导型转变成内生主导型。农村内生主导型金融制度具有利益诱致、内生主导、需求追随等特征,强调微观需求主体的利益与偏好。这种现代意义的农村金融体系包括需求方、供给方与监管方三个方面,即：农村微观经济组织及其结构(农户与农村中小企业),农村金融组织及其结构,农村金融的宏观监管主体。因此农村内生主导型金融体系的构建既包括农村金融需求主体的塑造,也包括农村金融供给主体的改造,还包括金融监管主体的再造。截止到目前,对农村金融体系的研究与改革实践,大部分都是从金融机构和金融供给的角度出发的。从功能与需求角度研究农村金融体系容易把握所存在问题的本质特征,有助于弥补传统研究视角的不足。本研究将吸收机构观点的优点,发展的运用功能观点,充分利用其现实之处探讨我国农村金融体系建设的方法；从需求结合供给的角度,来分析我国农村金融体系的历史变迁、运行现状,研究农村金融体系变迁的特征、深层次原因及其对农村经济发展的影响,旨在探求适应农村经济运行特点的金融体系及其重构路径。论文可分为四部分：第一部分为导言,进行理论假设(提出问题)；第二部分即第一、二章是假设的理论依据；第三部分是第三章,对理论假设进行历史实践考察(实践依据)；第四部分包括四至九章,探讨“怎么做”也就是研究如何建立农村内生主导型金融体系。即问题“是什么”,“为什么”(理论与实践),“怎么做”。绪论。主要包括研究的背景与意义、国内外研究现状、研究工具和方法、基本思路和逻辑结构等。指出改革开放以来农村金融改革低效的根本原因在于政府主导的强制性改革模式,必须改革农村金融改革的路径：即从由上而下的反应政府利益偏好的强制性改革模式转化为由下而上的体现需求主体利益偏好的诱致性改革模式,也即农村金融长成方式须由外生主导型转变成内生主导型。第一章,农村金融长成方式的区分与比较。回顾“金融成长”理论的产生与发展,对其进行界定。将金融成长分为质性成长与量性成长两种形成与抑制、约束、深化三个阶段。划分农村金融成长方式的类型,并利用模型对两种成长方式进行分析,指出外生主导型农村金融成长方式的弊端。第二章,农村金融成长方式转化的理论基础。之一：制度变迁与制度创新理论。制度变迁与制度创新的动力在于经济主体期望获得最大的外部利润,初始制度选择会强化现存制度的刺激和惯性：诱致性制度变迁与强制性制度变迁是新制度经济学制度变迁的两种模式；新制度经济家运用供求理论来研究制度供求及均衡。之二：金融制度变迁的阶段与周期。金融产权的安排可分为初始状态：金融制度僵滞阶段；演进状态：金融制度创新阶段；最优状态：金融制度成熟阶段。金融制度变迁就是一个由主导型利益集团推动的阶段性周期演进过程。在上一个周期完成后,又进入下一个周期的变迁过程。每个阶段由于供求力量的不同对比,导致了不同的制度变迁模型。每阶段不同的产权安排导致不同的效率。第三章,中国农村金融成长方式的历史变迁。第一阶段：中央集权计划经济时期(19561978)的典型外生主导型成长方式。回顾计划经济时期我国农村金融工作与金融体制的发展,从工业化的角度研究农村经济体制的变迁,指出外生主导型农村金融成长方式的根源与背景,并对外生主导型农村金融成长方式进行解释。第二阶段：改革开放以来(1978——至今)的政府主导型农村金融改革与农村金融成长内生机制的萌芽。回顾改革开放以来农村金融的改革与发展,对农村金融体系的嬗变进行考察,分析政府主导型农村金融改革低效的原因,描述农村经济发展体制障碍的突破与农村金融成长内生机制的萌芽。第四章,农村信用社合作制体制改革的可行性研究。当前理论界关于我国农村信用合作社改革问题争论的焦点是产权制度安排,争论的本质主要集中在要不要坚持合作制和在多大程度上坚持合作制。合作金融是农村经济体制的现实需求,农村的金触需求本来应该是农村信用社正确定位的基点,但是由于信用社既得利益的存在,政府和信用社之间合作制规范博弈的纳什均衡是信用社抵制合作制规范以及政府放弃合作制规范；政府和农民之间合作制规范博弈的纳什均衡是农民不参与合作制规范以及政府放弃合作制规范。因此,在现有信用社基础上的合作制规范不可能成功,中国的农村合作金融必须另起炉灶。内生的农村合作金融是一个市场自然选择过程,随着市场力量的增强和制度约束条件的改变,会逐渐打破外生的政府强制性制度安排的路径依赖,最终外生的政府强制性制度安排会被内生的诱致性市场交易制度所替代。第五章,中国农业发展银行体制改革问题。目前,农村政策性金融理论的研究总的来说是分歧多、争论多,争论焦点是政策性银行的职能定位与出路。农业发展银行面临的最直接和最外在的问题是持续性问题,深层的问题包括制度、功能和机制等方面的缺陷。基于政策性银行的特点,我们建立起关于政策性银行的制度总函数,并以对于制度函数的解释作为关于中国农业发展银行体制改革的基本主张,包括：金融市场有效性与中国农业发展银行的改革目标；国家效用与中国农业发展银行的业务范围等。第六章,民间金融的范畴、土壤、运行与发展趋势。研究如何构建民间金融制度以规范发展民间金融具有重大的理论意义与现实意义。目前学术理论界的主流思想是民间金融的生存发展是合理且必要的,应为其正名,明确其合法地位,并给予其相应的生存发展空间。农村民间金融的存在和发展已有几千年的历史,其存在有其深层次的必然性：农村“生存经济”与农村金融的财政性质；农业的弱质性更多地需要国家的扶持,具有准财政的性质：正规农村金融机构运作具有高昂的成本与高风险性；非正规金融利用社会关系这一重要资本,大大节约了信息和交易成本,具有正规金融所不具备的优势。应当正视非正规金融背后的深层次原因,从降低这些风险和成本着手来引导非正规金融的正常发展。民间金融运行机制具有良好的内、外部风险控制机制,宏观与微观效率很高,对金融机构的竞争格局、经济总量和经济结构都发生了不可低估的作用。至于中国民间金融的未来,我们不主张把现有民间金融的所有形式都“强制性地迅速”转化为现代金融体系的一部分,而应着重考虑建立真正的内生性的民营金融体系。第七章,中国农户的金融偏好与信贷安排——基于农户行为特征的一个理论框架。研究农户行为的经典文献有“理性小农”、“道义小农”以及黄宗智的“拐杖逻辑”。深入了解我国“马鞍型”社会架构、农村家庭圈层结构与关系型信任有助于我们进一步解读农户金融偏好。另外,在中国,长期以来,国家与农户在分割有限农村剩余过程中存在一种脆弱的平衡,而国家农贷制度的基本功能则是维持这种平衡。通过解读中国农户的行为我们发现,中国农户金融偏好(融资次序)耐人寻味,主要表现为,在农业收入不足以抵补维生成本时,首先考虑增加非农收入,其次才寻求信贷支持。就信贷支持而言,先争取国家农贷,再谋求民间熟人信贷,最后是高利信贷。相关的实证分析也验证了上述结论。农户“借贷难”问题产生的根源是信任匮乏。中国目前以民间借贷为主的农贷格局具有很强的内生性、路径依赖性和合理性,在政策上切忌采用自上而下的方式对其进行改造。第八章,中小企业融资困境：本质解读与破解思路。中间层的缺失导致中国社会的制度演进陷入了二重结构困境。儒教伦理充当了中间层的社会均衡与协调角色,但使得社会蜕变为以家庭为核心的圈层结构,由此决定我国农村的非制度关系型信任结构。这种信任结构与建立在制度信任基础上的商业借贷相排斥,因此商业借贷在中国大部分农村缺乏存在的信任基础。可见,植根于农村信任体系的中小企业的金融困境本质上是一种信用困境。以民间资本为依托,构建中小企业内生性关系型借贷制度是破解中小企业融资困境的新思路,但必须坚持自主性与内生性原则,同时要特别防止两种可能导致误入歧途的倾向。第九章,农村内生主导型金融监管主体的再造：政府参与的方式与途径。在市场失灵存在的情况下,政府的作用是必不可少的,但政府的作用应该是有条件的,即以不损害微观金融主体利益为前提：同时,政府的作用也应该是适度的,其作用范围应该限制在维护农村金融成长的大环境和存在市场失灵的政策性金融领域,并进而对内生性成长模式下政府监管的适度性提出了自己的看法。本文可能的创新按照重要程度,从重到轻排列,主要有以下四个方面：(一)选题创新。将“金融成长方式”理论引入农村金融改革的研究领域,选择了这一全新的视角解剖建国后农村金融改革历程,并从这一角度探讨农村金融体系的再造。(二)体系创新。已有的有关农村金融体系改造的研究基本上是在横向上展开,即只研究农村金融的供给主体,也就是研究如何建立和完善以合作金融为基础,商业金融和政策性金融分工协作的农村金融服务体系以及相关的担保、保险组织。很少涉及农村金融的微观经济组织,即农村金融的需求主体(农户与农村中小企业)以及农村金融的宏观监管主体的行为分析与重塑。本研究将农村金融体系分为需求、供给与监管三个层面,即：农村微观经济组织及其结构(需求方),农村金融组织及其结构(供给方),政府或中央银行等机构对农村金融的监督与调节(协调方)。因此农村内生主导型金融体系的构建既包括农村金融需求主体偏好的解读,也包括农村金融供给主体的改造,还包括金融监管主体的再造。(三)视角(理论支持)创新。目前农村金融的经典派研究主要工具是新制度经济学、信息成本理论,这些研究给了我们不同于调研派的深度与整体,但这一方法如果脱离了中国农村的社会文化结构,解释力尚显不足。我们是社会结构派,确立了历史演进、社会文化视角,从总体上把握农村金融制度结构。我们在充分借鉴新制度学派、信息成本理论的基础上,从中国农村的社会结构与信用结构的特殊性出发探讨农村金融制度安排的社会经济基础。(四)观点创新。①“解放”比“改革”更具现实性、紧迫性。农村会融困境的现实出路是放松政府对金融的垄断,规范而不是打压现存非正规金融,政府不应该越位替农村金融的需求主体选择金融供给的具体形式。②农村信用社的改革具有“不可逆性”。农村信用社在建国后经历了“合作升级”即银行化,但现有的农村信用社却不能改回合作金融。因此农村信用社改革方向是商业金融或政策金融。合作金融在中国农村仍具有现实基础,但其成长方式是新发育而不是对现有金融机构的改造。③民间金融的现实出路应该是合法化规范化而不是急于升级或银行化。④目前政府主导筹建的中小银行无论是改造的还是新建的均不能根本解决中小企业融资难题,适合中小企业资金需求的供给主体必须内生。

    The problem of the problems of agriculture, farmers and rural areas is the biggest problem, which is the problem of rural economic development. China’s current stage of development of the rural economy really "bottleneck" is funding. And the rural financial development of the rural economy is the most important capital allocation system; rural economic development is one of the core issues. Scientific and orderly financial activities are the essential conditions of a prosperous rural economy.Since reform and opening up,the rural economic system, forms of organization and corporate governance structure has undergone profound changes, and greatly promoted the rural rapid economic development, but the rural financial system has few revolutionary changes. To develop the rural economy, state was to provide effective financial support based on financial cooperation, which fails to solve the problem of rural funding gap. There are inadequate funds to expand. Conversely, rural loan to meet farmers and the rural financial needs of SMEs plays a larger role. This country has been trying to establish the basis for cooperation in the financial, commercial finance, financial policy division of the rural cooperative financial system. Simple market and the commercialization of the rural financial and has not undergone substantial changes. The simply set-up and operational agencies redrawing have not fundamentally solve the economic mainstay of rural credit demand to the problem. State still fails to offer financial services sector for ordinary farmers, nor do rural financial services offer assistance and support. Only through increased volume of loans in rural areas, state does not solve the financial problems in rural areas.Taking a panoramic view of the rural financial system in the successive changes, which can be seen in two distinct features:(1) rural financial system and each system is top-to-bottom changes in the mandatory external behavior rather than bottom-up orientation or ontogenesis behavior.(2) the change of rural financial system is that of legal status and translocation of the rights, rather than that of organizational structure or the form of financial and property rights of expropriation, in other words, all forms of change, rather than management patterns, and improve the efficiency of financial and other substantive changes.Since reform and opening up, fundamental reason of inefficiency of the rural financial reform lies in the government-led reform of the mandatory mode. The model is the continuation of traditional exogenous supply-oriented financial system under the framework of "technical efforts," is reflected in the national interest preferences."Technical improvements" can only have short-term effects of change. They are not enough to improve rural financial operations of the overall environment or unable to provide rural finance development of a new system environment. Therefore the need to reform the rural financial reform path:from the top-down model reflecting government interests reform into a bottom-up one adjusting to the demand of farmers. nonagricultural industries, that is, changing from rural financial means to be grown up exogenous led into endogenous-oriented.Endogenous rural-based financial system has the characteristics of induced interests, which stressed the micro needs of the main interests and preferences. This modern sense of the rural financial system, including the demand side, the supply side and the regulatory side three aspects, namely:rural micro-economic organization and its structure (farmers and the rural SMEs), and the rural financial organizations and their structure, rural financial macro-control of the main. So finance of ontogenesis with the rural areas includes the construction of rural financial needs of the main mold, the main supply of rural financial reform, and financial supervision main recycling.Up to now, the rural financial system and the practice of reform, most are from the financial institutions and financial supply perspective. From the functional point of view and the needs of the rural financial system easy to grasp the problems which exist in nature, help fill the traditional perspective deficiencies. The body will absorb the advantages of view, the use of functional perspective, make full use of its real opportunity to explore China’s rural financial system in the way; demand from the perspective of supply, analysis of China’s rural financial system of historic changes, the operation status on rural financial system changing characteristics, the deep-seated reasons for the development of the rural economy, and adaptation to explore rural economic characteristics of the operation of the financial system and the remodeling path.This thesis can be divided into four parts:the first part of the introduction, theoretical assumptions (questions); the second part is theoretical assumptions of chapter1and chapter2; the third part is the third chapter, the hypothetical historical practice of inspection (practical basis); Part four includes from chapter four to chapter9, exploring "how to do" that is to study how to establish a rural health-oriented within the financial system. That is,"What" and "why"(theory and practice),"how to do."Introduction includes the background to the study and the significance of the research status, research tools and methods, the basic ideas and logical structure. It points out that since the reform and opening up of rural financial reform, inefficient fundamental reason lies in the government-led reform of the mandatory mode must reform of the rural financial reform path:from the top-down government response to the interests of the mandatory preference reform model into a bottom-up demand for the main manifestation (farmers, nonagricultural industries) preferred interests induced reform model, that is, the means of growth of rural finance changes from exogenous to endogenous-oriented.The first chapter is the distinction and comparison of the way of growth of rural finance. Monetary growth is qualitative and quantitative growth of both formation and growth inhibition and restraint, deepening the three stages. Divided the rural financial growth means the type and model of growth both ways, that external-oriented rural financial growth of the disadvantages.Chapter two is the theoretical foundation of the rural financial growth mode.1.Institutional Change and Innovation Theory:Institutional Change and Innovation is the driving force of economic subjects expect to get the biggest external profits the initial choice of system will strengthen the existing system of incentives and inertia; induced institutional change and the mandatory system changes the new system is changing economics of the two systems model; The new system economists use to study the supply and demand theory of supply and demand and balance system.2. The financial system changes with the stage cycle. Financial ownership arrangements can be divided into initial state, stagnation stage of the financial system; evolution of the state, the financial system innovation stage; optimal conditions, mature stage of the financial system. Changes in the financial system are by-oriented interest groups to promote the process of evolution cycle stages. In-cycle completed, and then enters the next cycle of a process of change. Each stage of the different forces resulted in a contrast-species model-based system changes. Each phase of different ownership arrangements resulted in a different efficiency.Chapter three is historical change of rural financial growth mode. The first stage:a centralized planned economy period (1956--1978) typical exogenous growth-oriented way. Recalling the period of the planned economy of China’s rural financial work and the development of the financial system, from the perspective of industrialization in rural economic structure changes, it analyzes external-led growth of the rural way of financial sources and backgrounds, as well as external-led growth of the rural financial means for explanations. The second stage: Since the reform and opening up (1978--date) of the government-led reform of the rural financial growth and rural financial mechanism within the bud. Recalling since the reform and opening up of rural financial reform and development of the rural financial system without authorization to conduct the study, it analyzes the government-led reform of the rural financial inefficient, and describes the development of the rural economy institutional barriers breakthrough with the development of the rural financial mechanism within the seeds.Chapter four is study of rural credit cooperatives or cooperative system feasibility. Theoretical circles on the reform of China’s rural credit cooperatives major debate on the issue of property rights. The discussion also focused on the institutional arrangements. The essence of the argument focused on not to uphold the cooperative system and the extent to uphold the cooperative system. Rural financial cooperation is the reality of the economic system needs. The rural demand should have been inconsistent with the rural credit cooperatives, which is the basis for the correct positioning. Because the vested interests of the credit unions exist, the Nash equilibrium game between the government and credit cooperative system regulating is cooperative credit unions resist norms. Government is to abandon cooperative norms. Nash equilibrium game between the government and the farmers cooperative is not in the farmers cooperative norms, and government is to abandon cooperative norms. Therefore, the existing credit cooperatives on the basis of cooperative norms can not succeed. So China’s rural financial cooperation has to build a second stove. Finance of ontogenesis with the rural areas is a natural selection process. Along with the strengthening of market forces and institutional conditions for change will gradually break exogenous mandatory system arrangements path dependence, and ultimately exogenous mandatory system will be arranged within the Health induced market trading system has been replaced.Chapter five is about reform issues of Agricultural Development Bank of China. Currently, the policy-oriented financial theoretical research in general differences, disputes, is the focus of the debate in policy-oriented banks and the functions way. Agricultural Development Bank of the most direct and external issues is a continuous problem, the underlying issues, including system function and mechanism of the defects. Based on the policy of banks characteristics, we build on the policy of total banking system function, and for the system to function as an explanation of the China Agricultural Development Bank, the basic reform advocates, which includes:effectiveness of the financial markets in China and the Agricultural Development Bank of reform goals; State Utility and the China Agricultural Development Bank, the scope of business.Chapter six is about civil finance:areas, soil, and operation and development trends. The study on how to build a private banking system to finance the development of civil norms is of great theoretical significance and practical significance. Current academic theorists are the mainstream thinking of private banking for the survival and development is reasonable and necessary, so they should be renamed in terms of clear legal status, and gives the corresponding room for survival and development. Rural finance development and the existence there had been several thousand years of history, there are deep rooted inevitability: Rural "economic survival" and the rural financial nature; The Fragility of Agriculture needs more state support. Quasi-fiscal nature; formal rural financial institutions operate with the high cost and high-risk; non-formal financial relationship between the use of social capital important to a significant reduction in information and transaction costs, is the formal financial did not have the advantage. Should look squarely at the non-formal financial behind the deep-seated reasons, from reduce these risks and costs begin to guide the non-formal financial normal development. Private banking operation mechanism has good internal and external risk control mechanism, macro-and microeconomic efficiency high, for financial institutions competition pattern, with the overall economy and the structure of the economy has undergone a role should not be underestimated. As for Chinese civic financial future, we are not in favor of the existing private banking in all its forms is "mandatory rapidly" into a modern financial system part should consider the establishment of a genuine focus on the endogeneity of the private financial system.Chapter seven is about Chinese farmers’financial preferences and credit arrangements--Based on the behavior characteristics of farmers a theoretical framework. It is the research on farmers of classic literature as a "rational small farmers","moral small farmers", Philip Huang’s "logic crutches", and in-depth understanding of China’s "saddle" social structure. Rural families layered structure and the trust-based relationship will help us further interpretation farmers’ financial preferences. Meanwhile, in China, a long time, the state and farmers in rural surplus limited segmentation process there is a delicate balance State subsidies system and the basic function is to maintain this balance. Interpretation of the Chinese farmers through the acts we discovered that Chinese farmers financial preferences (for financing) intriguing, mainly for the agricultural income were insufficient to cover living costs. First consider increasing the non-agricultural income. Secondly seek credit support. On the credit support, first for national subsidies, and to seek civil acquaintances credit, is the last of higher interest credit. Positive correlation analysis also validates these conclusions. Farmer "hard to borrow" the root cause is lack of trust. China’s current non-borrowing mainly to the pattern of subsidies has strong endogenous, path dependence and rationality policy to avoid using the top-down approach for its transformation.Chapter eight is about SME financing difficulties:the essence of Reading and the Solutions. The middle layer to the lack of social evolution of the system into a two focuses on structural difficulties. Confucian ethics act as a middle layer of social balance and coordination role, but make social change to the family as the core of the layered structure. This determines China’s rural non-institutional relations-trust structure. This trust structure conflicts with the establishment of trust in the system on the basis of commercial lending exclusive. Therefore commercial lending accounts for the majority of rural Chinese lack of trust. Visibility, rooted in the rural trust’s SME financial plight is essentially a credit difficulty. To rely on private capital, construction SMEs endogenous relationship lending system is break the plight of the SME financing new ideas, However, we must adhere to independence and endogenous principle, and in particular to prevent two may lead to the tendency to go astray.Chapter nine:Health within the rural-based financial regulatory main recycling:participation in the ways and means. Market Failure in the circumstances, the government’s role is indispensable:But the role of government should be conditional, which is not prejudicial to the interests of micro-finance for the main premise; meanwhile, the role of government should also be appropriate. Its scope should be limited role in maintaining the growth of the rural financial environment and the existence of market failures of policy-oriented financial field, and proceed to endogenous growth model under government supervision moderation of his views.This paper may be an important innovation in accordance with the degree of severity of light arranged mainly in the following four aspects:1. Topic innovation."Monetary growth mode" is introduced into the theory of rural financial reform areas of research and this new perspective anatomy after the founding of the rural financial reform process from the perspective of the rural financial system and recycling.2. System innovation. The transformation of the rural financial system is the basic research on the horizontal commence that the only study the supply of rural financial mainstay, and is to study how to establish and perfect a cooperative financial basis, commercial and financial policies and financial cooperation division of the rural financial service system and the related guarantees, and insurance organizations. Few are involved in the micro-finance rural economic organizations, so that the rural financial demands main (farmers and rural small and medium enterprises) and rural financial macro-control subjects of analysis and remodeling. The rural financial system is divided into demand, supply and supervision of three levels, namely:rural micro-economic organization and its structure (the demand side), and the rural financial organization and structure (the supply side), government or institutions such as the Central Bank of rural financial supervision and regulation (coordinator). So within the rural health-based financial system includes the construction of rural financial needs of the main preference interpretation, the main supply of rural financial reform, and financial supervision main recycling.3. Perspective (theoretical support) Innovation:the current rural financial allocation classic study of the new institutional economics tools, cost information theory has given us different depth investigation camp and the whole. But this approach if it is separated from China’s rural social and cultural structure of explanation were not yet adequate. We send our social structure, and established the historical evolution and the social and cultural perspective, grasp the overall structure of the rural financial system. We fully from the school system, information costs on the basis of theory, from the rural community Guitar credit structure with the particularity of the rural financial system to explore arrangements for the economic base.4. New Ideas:"Reform" is more realism and urgent than "Liberation". Rural financial predicament is a realistic way to relax the government’s monopoly on the financial, rather than suppressing standardizes existing informal finance. The government should not overrun for the financial needs of rural main supply choose the specific financial forms, o two of the reform of rural credit cooperatives is "irreversible." After experiencing a "cooperation escalation" that the banks, the existing rural credit cooperatives can not be converted back to financial cooperation, but follow the direction of reform of rural credit cooperatives financial or commercial financial policy. Financial cooperation in China’s rural areas still has a practical basis, but its growth is a new development mode instead of the existing financial institutions reforms. Non-financial realities solution is the legalization of standardization instead of rushing to upgrade or banks of. o four government-led planning of small and medium sized banks is modified or new will not solve the fundamental financing difficulties for SMEs that suitable for the SME funding needs to be the main supply endogenous Keywords rural financial system, recycling, long into the rural financial, led by exogenous and endogenous-oriented

内生主导型农村金融体系构建问题研究

内容摘要4-10Abstract10-17前言24-48    0.1 研究的背景与意义24-29    0.2 国内外研究现状29-42    0.3 研究工具和方法42-44    0.4 基本思路和逻辑结构44-45    0.5 可能的创新45-47    0.6 需要同读者交待的与论文有关的其它问题47-481. 农村金融成长方式的区分与比较48-62    1.1 经济学对“金融成长”的发现与界定48-50        1.1.1 经济学对“金融成长(Finance Maturity)”的发现48-50        1.1.2 “金融成长”(Finance Maturity)界说50    1.2 金融成长的形成与阶段50-55        1.2.1 金融成长的形式与阶段50-55    1.3 农村金融成长方式的类型55-61        1.3.1 内生主导型农业金融成长方式55-56        1.3.2 外生主导型农业金融成长方式56        1.3.3 两种成长方式的模型分析56-58        1.3.4 外生主导型农业金融成长方式的弊端分析58-60        1.3.5 对假设前提的放松60-61    1.4 小结61-622. 农村金融成长方式转化的理论基础62-91    2.1 农村金融成长方式转化的理论基础之一：制度变迁与制度创新理论62-70        2.1.1 制度变迁与创新的动力机制63-64        2.1.2 制度变迁与创新的路径依赖64-65        2.1.3 诱致性制度变迁与强制性制度变迁65-66        2.1.4 制度需求与制度供给66-69        2.1.5 理论小结69-70    2.2 农村金融成长方式转化的理论基础之二：金融制度变迁的阶段与周期70-91        2.2.1 金融制度安排的初始状态：僵滞阶段70-76        2.2.2 金融制度安排的演进状态：创新阶段76-84        2.2.3 金融制度安排的最优状态：成熟阶段84-913. 中国农村金融成长方式的历史变迁91-114    3.1 中央集权计划经济时期(1956——1978)的典型外生主导型成长方式91-100        3.1.1 农业经济基本制度实证考察91-93        3.1.2 从工业化的角度看农村经济体制的变迁：外生主导型农业金融成长方式的根源和背景93-98        3.1.3 外生主导型农业金融成长方式的解释98-100    3.2 改革开放以来的中国农业金融成长方式嬗变100-114        3.2.1 农业经济制度的擅变：农业经济发展体制障碍的突破和农业金融成长内生机制的萌生100-105        3.2.2 农业金融体系的擅变105-109        3.2.3 工农业关系的演变：对于农业金融成长转换过程的促进与制约并存109-1144. 农村信用社合作制体制改革的可行性研究114-146    4.1 我国农村信用社产权改革问题的观点综述114-121        4.1.1 农村合作金融概念认定114-115        4.1.2 合作制还是股份制的争论115-117        4.1.3 股份制与非股份制观点的争论117-118        4.1.4 股份合作制与非股份合作制观点的争论118-119        4.1.5 不同产权制度模式的比较分析119-121    4.2 农村的金触需求：农村信用社正确定位的基点121-130        4.2.1 制度需求122-125        4.2.2 合作制是农村经济体制的现实要求125-128        4.2.3 合作制度的效率128-130    4.3 农村信用社合作制规范的博弈分析130-137        4.3.1 政府同信用社之间的博弈131-134        4.3.2 政府同农民之间的博弈134-135        4.3.3 结论135-137    4.4 农村信用社制度的变迁：农村信用社合作制规范可行性的进一步分析137-146        4.4.1 一般描述：“Z”型演变轨迹137-138        4.4.2 制度变迁分析：农户作为制度“边缘人”,中央政府与地方政府之间的强权政治博弈138-142        4.4.3 结论与政策建议：内生诱致性市场交易替代外生强制性政府行为142-1465. 中国农业发展银行体制改革问题146-168    5.1 农业政策性银行研究的焦点及争论146-150        5.1.1 关于政策性银行的职能定位146-147        5.1.2 关于政策性银行的出路147-148        5.1.3 关于政策性与银行性的关系148-149        5.1.4 关于农村金融机构的相互关系149-150    5.2 主要问题150-152    5.3 农村政策性银行制度函数152-164        5.3.1 农村政策性银行的地位(制度函数)152-155        5.3.2 农村政策性银行的性质155-157        5.3.3 农村政策性银行的目标157-159        5.3.4 农村政策性银行的功能159-163        5.3.5 农村政策性银行的公信力163-164    5.4 制度函数的解释(改革主张)164-168        5.4.1 金融市场有效性与中国农业发展银行的改革目标164        5.4.2 国家效用与中国农业发展银行的业务范围164-166        5.4.3 金融供给与中国农业发展银行的经营方式166        5.4.4 金融有效需求与中国农业发展银行的金融创新166        5.4.5 国家成本与中国农业发展银行的经营条件166-167        5.4.6 公信力与中国农业发展银行的内控和激励机制167-1686. 民间金融：范畴、土壤、运行与发展趋势168-217    6.1 我国民间金融研究现状概述168-172        6.1.1 民间金融的合理性与必要性研究168-170        6.1.2 民间金融发展的障碍分析170        6.1.3 民间金融发展的前景及对策研究170-172    6.2 国内外民间金融研究的范畴比较172-179        6.2.1 民间金融与非正式金融172-174        6.2.2 民间金融、官办金融与民营金融174-177        6.2.3 民间金融的界定177-179    6.3 农村民间金融发展与创新的历史脉络和政策法规背景179-182    6.4 我国农村民间金融存在和发展的深层次原因182-191        6.4.1 “生存经济”与农村金融的财政性质182-184        6.4.2 农业与非农业经济的区别184        6.4.3 高昂的成本184-186        6.4.4 农村金融的高风险性186-189        6.4.5 社会资本的存在189-191    6.5 非正规金融运行机制和内、外部风险控制分析191-201        6.5.1 运行机制分析191-196        6.5.2 风险源和内部风险控制分析196-199        6.5.3 一个案例的实证分析199-201    6.6 民间金融效率的分析201-206        6.6.1 金融市场与金融效率的互动机制201-202        6.6.2 农村民间金融效率分析202-206    6.7 民间金融的发展趋势206-211    6.8 政策建议211-2177. 中国农户的金融偏好与信贷安排——基于农户行为特征的一个理论框架217-242    7.1 引言：视角、单元与路径217-219    7.2 中国农户：行为解读219-225        7.2.1 认识农户：经典理论与评析219-222        7.2.2 农户与国家222-224        7.2.3 农户与家庭224-225    7.3 我国农户的特征225-227    7.4 农户“借贷难”问题产生的根源——信任匮乏227-231    7.5 农户金融偏好：筹资次序231-233    7.6 中国农户借贷来源的选择与使用行为——实证分析233-237        7.6.1 全国典型调查农户借贷来源构成233-235        7.6.2 全国典型调查农户借贷使用行为235-237    7.7 中国农户的金融需求与信贷安排237-240    7.8 一些说明240-2428. 中小企业融资困境：本质解读与破解思路——基于农村信任结构视角的研究242-258    8.1 相关研究回顾242-244    8.2 二重结构与特殊主义244-246    8.3 中国农村社会的家庭圈层结构与信任结构246-248    8.4 中小企业融资困境的本质：信用困境248-250    8.5 内生性关系型贷款：破解中小企业融资困境新思路250-258        8.5.1 关系型贷款250-251        8.5.2 关系型贷款在我国的实践251-253        8.5.3 我国中小企业关系型借贷制度的构建原则253-255        8.5.4 我国中小企业内生性关系型借贷制度的构建思路255-2589. 农村内生主导型金融金融监管主体的再造：政府参与的方式与途径258-273    9.1 政府参与的边界：产生外部性的金融公共领域与信息问题引起的市场失灵260-263        9.1.1 金融物品：公共物品还是私人物品260-262        9.1.2 信息不对称造成的市场失灵262-263    9.2 农村金融制度演变中政府的作用国际经验263-264    9.3 政府在内生主导金融体系的作用：我国农村金融成长中政府定位264-269        9.3.1 “硬政府”、“软政府”与“适度政府”265        9.3.2 “适度政府”与我国农村金融增长265-267        9.3.3 合理界定政府、商业性金融和合作金融组织的行为边界267-268        9.3.4 保持农村金融成长中政府行为适度性的政策建议268-269    9.4 政府对内生性金融成长模式运行的适度监管269-273参考文献273-279后记279-280致谢280-281在读期间科研成果目录281-282

  本文关键词：内生主导型农村金融体系构建问题研究，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。