伊拉克对水霸权国家的挑战——幼发拉底河、底格里斯河与阿拉伯河

发布时间：2024-03-05 21:28

　　20世纪70年代以来,伊拉克面临着严峻的水资源挑战,近期这一状况又有了明显的恶化。尽管造成这种水资源挑战的部分原因是自然原因,例如气候变化、人口激增,但主要还是归咎于上游国家的水政策,因为伊拉克75%左右的水资源来自其境外的跨界水,其中,约42条季节性河流或非季节性河流发源于伊朗,幼发拉底河和底格里斯河则发源于土耳其,流经伊拉克。因此,在过去的几十年中,土耳其和伊朗相对伊拉克而言有更多的特权,尤其是在2003年美国领导的入侵之后更是如此,除了拥有共有河流上游的位置外,它们还在物质资源和议价能力方面也享有优势。作为地区霸权国家,土耳其和伊朗在幼发拉底河和底格里斯河上开发水文项目,作为其国家发展项目的一部分,忽略了伊拉克的水权。尽管如此,伊拉克为了维持其水资源状况,对该地区有利于土耳其和伊朗的不平等的格局提出了挑战。因此,本文将主要探讨伊拉克为了维持其水资源需求而采取的对抗水霸权国家的策略。为了回答这一问题,首先要理解不同国家围绕这些河流的互动是如何发生的,因此,本文将以幼发拉底河、底格里斯河以及阿拉伯河为切入点,理解伊朗和土耳其在该些水域的水政治关系。经验结果证实,伊拉克与土耳其和伊朗的...

【文章页数】：168 页

【学位级别】：博士

【文章目录】：
摘要
Abstract
List of Acronyms
Chapter 1 Introduction
    1.1 Topography of Iraqi Water Resources and Spatial Focus
    1.2 Topographic Features of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and Shattal-Arab River
    1.3 Research Objective
    1.4 Research Questions
    1.5 Hypothesis
    1.6 Methodology
    1.7 Significance of Research
    1.8 Structure of the Thesis
Chapter 2 Literature Review
    2.1 Introduction
    2.2 Hydro-conflict or Confining Iraqi Water Relation to Realist Scope
    2.3 Hydro-cooperation, or Putting Iraq on the Track of Neo-liberalism:
    2.4 Critical Theories in International Relations and Hydropolitics:
Chapter 3 Theoretical Background
    3.1 Introduction
    3.2 Conventional and Critical Constructivism
    3.3 Power Asymmetry and the Framework of Hydrohegemony
    3.4 Applying Spectrum of Power in the Framework ofHydrohegemony
    3.5 The Hegemon in the Framework of Hydrohegemony
    3.6 Countering Hydorhegemony
Chapter 4 Iraq-Turkey Hydropolitical Relation: The Euphrates andTigris Rivers (1965-2018)
    4.1 Introduction
    4.2 Water Resources Exploitation in Riparian States
    4.3 Historical Background of Mapping the Middle East and theSituation of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers:
        4.3.1 Emergence of Iraq and its Relationships with Turkey
        4.3.2 From Singular Management to Shared Cross-border Rivers
    4.4 Uunderstanding the Hydropolitical Relations between Iraq andTurkey
        4.4.1 First Episode: The Saadabad Pact of 1937 to the Treaty of 1946.
        4.4.2 Second Episode: The Cold War to after the Baghdad pact of1955
        4.4.3 Third Episode: Triangular of Kurds, Oil, and Water Issues
    4.5 Towards Hydrohegemony: Rising the Technical andTerminological Differences in Water Sector
    4.6 Post-2003: Fortifying Turkish Hydrohegemony
Chapter 5 Iraq-Iran Hydropolitical Relation: The Shatt al-ArabRiver (1975-2018)
    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 The Water Demand of the SAR: The Quantity and Quality ofWater Flow
    5.3 The Historical Background of the SAR
    5.4 Understanding the Hydropolitical Relations between Iraq and Iran
        5.4.1 Iraq-Iran relation in 1921-1975: Establishing coercive orderover SAR
        5.4.2 Iraq-Iran Relation in 1975-2003: After Algeria Accord; Breaking the Arrangement and Heading for War
    5.5 The Iraq-Iran Relation after the US-invasion: Hydrohegemony overthe SAR
Chapter 6 Iraq’s Counter-Hydrohegemonic Strategies
    6.1 Introduction
    6.2 Material Tools for Resistance: Commercial Interests and Oil
    6.3 Active and Reactive Diplomacy and Cooperation
    6.4 International Water Law and Conventions
    6.5 Discourses and Counter-discourses and Cooperation or Rhetoric ofCooperation
    6.6 Security Issues and Regionality
    6.7 Constructing Expertise Knowledge
Chapter 7 Conclusion
    Reviewing the Research Questions and findings
    Suggestions for promising studies
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Annex 1: International Laws, Convention and Protocols
Annex 2: Basic guide for conducting interviews with some Iraqi experts
List of Interviewees



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