抗战大后方公教人员日常生活及心态嬗变研究

发布时间：2018-01-01 05:00

  本文关键词：抗战大后方公教人员日常生活及心态嬗变研究　出处：《西南大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

  更多相关文章： 大后方 公教人员 日常生活 心态

【摘要】：“公教人员”是对政府公务员和学校教职员的统称,在民国社会,公教人员是一个精英阶层,公务员是政府的执政基础,保证政府的正常运作;教职员则是政府的“智库”,为政府提供智力支持。公教人员又是一个中间阶层,是政府和民众的联接纽带,在思想领域起着控制、教化和引领“民心”的作用。因此,公教人员对于现代社会的政治、文化都发挥着重要作用。尤其是抗战时期的大后方公教人员,内迁比例非常之高,不论从自身阶层来看,还是从整个内迁移民来看都是如此。更重要的是,公教人员是政府和国民抗战到底的精神支柱,公教人员的心态变化和由此引发的群体行为,对于战后中国历史的走向以及该阶层的历史进程,都是不容忽视的。抗日战争使中国作为一个传统的农业国被卷入了一场现代化战争。整个战争期间,除了军事压力是迫在眉睫的威胁之外,国民政府坚持长期抗战面临的最大问题即是财政问题,面对内忧外患,国民政府由于生产能力和自救能力的不足,只能以滥发纸币的方式来饮鸩止渴,由此带来的必然后果就是恶性通货膨胀,进而引发物价不可遏制的飞涨,最终导致国民生活陷入困境,这既是一种连锁反应,也是一种恶性循环。在通货膨胀中受影响最大的是公教人员阶层,由于恪守传统“士人”“谋道不谋食”的生活准则,这一阶层往往缺乏自我谋生能力,战争的暴发又剥夺了他们额外的经济来源,因此,在抗战时期,公教人员只能完全依赖政府薪金生活。在大后方的特定历史时空中,随着物价飞涨的愈演愈烈,公教人员日常生活受到极大影响,真正沦入了“十儒九丐”的地步。更重要的是,随着公教人员经济地位的滑落,自身尚且难保,更遑论成为民众的精神领袖。战时社会“士农工商”传统秩序的本末倒置,公教人员经济地位和社会地位的同时滑落,使马斯洛所说人的“生理、安全、爱、尊重和自我实现”这五种基本需要无一得到满足。这无疑击穿公教人员作为现代“士人”能够安贫乐道的底线,进而由物质的“不够”产生精神的“不平”,公教人员的群体心态也经历了对国民政府由拥护到离心,直至对立的嬗变。大后方公教人员的心态嬗变可分为以下几个阶段:一、大后方公教人员心态的过渡期(1937-1939)1937年全面抗战爆发后,中国最为富庶的沿海地区迅速沦陷,使国民政府的收入骤减,所幸的是,中国是一个农业国,影响物价的最主要因素是粮食而非工业品,1937年、1938年,大后方连续两年粮食丰收,在一定程度上延缓了物价的上涨。对于初到大后方的公教人员来说,还有着法币对地方货币的兑换优势以及中央人对地方人的心理优势,更重要的是,公教人员普遍为“天下兴亡,匹夫有责”的传统道义感所裹挟,也为“抗日救亡”的民族情绪所激励,这时公教人员普遍呈现“亢奋心态”,在行动上则积极投身于抗日救亡运动;1939年,随着日军攻势的加强,大后方与华东各省、印度支那的联系被切断,同时大批难民涌入大后方,使外援减少而内耗加大。此时的公教人员,生活水准下降,战局的不利,也使公教人员开始认识到战争的持续性和艰巨性,前期的亢奋心态开始冷却,代之以“沮丧心态”,在行动上则表现为开始消极怠工。总的来说,这一阶段公教人员心态基本上处于由“亢奋”——“沮丧”的“过渡期”。二、大后方公教人员心态的量变期(1940-1941)1940年,宜昌的陷落,使大后方运输的咽喉——长江航道被扼制,继之滇湎、滇越公路中断,大后方的物资匮乏情况进一步加剧,使该年成为中国通货膨胀的拐点,面对突如其来、势头汹涌的物价上涨,公教人员普遍出现“焦虑心态”,在行动上则开始出现要求加薪、“跳槽”等自发性群体行动;1941年,大后方开始出现绝粮,社会也随之发生动荡,公教人员对抗战前途开始感到悲观,普遍出现“迷惘心态”,只能寄希望于战争的提前结束,此期公教人员在行动上出现了自觉性的群体行动,开始有组织地逐级上书要求改善待遇。由于此期的物价上涨大都与日军对大后方的“疲劳轰炸”相伴随,大后方物价问题被军事压力暂时掩盖,公教人员的关注焦点得到转移,虽然不满情绪开始萌生,但却在同仇敌忾中自我压抑,总之,这一阶段公教人员心态处于“焦虑”——“迷惘”的“量变期”。三、大后方公教人员心态的转折期(1942-1943)太平洋战争爆发后,上海“孤岛”消失,香港沦陷,大后方的海上走私渠道被彻底堵死,通往苏联的沙漠公路和通往印度的“驼峰航线”已经远远不能满足大后方的物资需求,恶性通货膨胀进一步加剧。更值得注意的是,由于日军将几乎全部的海、空军力量都转投到太平洋战场,再也无力对大后方实施成规模的轰炸,日军陆军的攻击重点也转向抗日民主根据地,大后方暂时得以相安无事。军事压力的减轻,反而使大后方前一时期得到遮蔽的物价问题凸显无遗,国民政府对物价的管控乏力再也难辞其咎。1942年,随着日军在太平洋战场的节节推进,公教人员对战争的提前结束已不抱希望,普遍呈现“苦闷心态”,对政府的不满情绪开始暴发,群体性行动开始升级;1943年,国民政府限价政策的失败,使公教人员的心态由前期的量化积累来到质变转折点,公教人员开始出现对政府执政能力的“置疑心态”,群体性行动也越来越频繁,并且开始直接针对政府的越级上书,基层单位再也无力对此加以掌控。所谓“民无信不立”,至此,蒋介石已经基本上失去了民心。综合起来看,该阶段公教人员的心态处于由量变向质变的“转折期”。四、大后方公教人员心态的质变期(1944-1945)1944年,大后方在工业生产能力下降的同时,粮食却获得丰收,大后方物价曾一度回落,但此时公教人员已不堪重负,普遍表现出一种“苦撑心态”,豫湘桂战役的惨败,彻底显露了国民政府的腐败无能,终于成为“压倒骆驼的最后一根稻草”,公教人员在行动上开始公开发表不满言论,甚至并公开对政府进行抨击;1945年,随着日军进攻的恢复,大后方物价又开始疯涨,与盟国的凯歌高奏对照悬殊的社会现实,使公教人员普遍呈现出“绝望心态”,突如其来的抗战胜利在他们眼中也不过是“惨胜”而已,胜利的短暂狂欢难掩对政府、前途的绝望,公教人员在行动上出现了对政府的群体性叛逆,满腹牢骚已经转化为要求政府改革乃至革命的要求,总体而言,无论是“苦撑”还是“绝望”,都已发生质变,这一阶段的公教人员心态可以用“质变期”来概括。抗战大后方公教人员的心态嬗变导致了两方面的后果:一方面,公教人员的心态嬗变导致了精英阶层与政府的疏离。经过八年抗战,公教人员的左翼旗帜鲜明地站到了政府的对立面,右翼则感到心灰意冷,甚至对政府产生“恨铁不成钢”的抱怨,作为大多数的中间派则对政府采取漠然视之的态度。此时的国民政府在政治、经济各个方面都是百孔千疮,作为执政基础和思想精英的公教人员,出于绝望而对政府采取置身事外的态度,已然使政府无法正常运作,更何况还日益为政府的对立面所吸引和凝聚。体制内精英阶层的瓦解,无疑在很大程度上决定了此后中国历史的走向。另一方面,公教人员的心态嬗变使之成为“脱序人”——即脱离了当时主流社会秩序的人。抗战期间,由于公教人员经济地位的下降,国民普遍对该阶层丧失敬畏之心,进而至于产生蔑视,该阶层的精英地位日益向边缘化滑落。更重要的是,公教人员生活的窘境使之不得不采取有伤体面,以及有违于传统道德规范,甚至铤而走险的谋生手段,这使得公教人员在进行内省时自惭形秽,自我认同的失落使公教人员开始缺乏自信,对自身价值产生怀疑,甚至对一惯坚守的信仰出现动摇;总之,社会认同和自我认同的双重失落,使公教人员最终由吸附在体制内的精英阶层成为流离于体制外的“脱序人”,这使中国知识分子的“失落”成为势在必然的事。
[Abstract]:"Civil servants" is referred to the civil servants and staff of the school, in the society, civil servants is an elite, civil servants are ruling foundation of the government, to ensure the normal operation of the government; the government staff is a "think tank", to provide intellectual support for the government. Civil servants is a middle class, is joint link between the government and the people, plays a role in the field of thought, education and lead the "hearts and minds". Therefore, teachers and civil servants for the modern social politics, culture plays an important role. Especially after the party and government personnel during the Anti Japanese War, moved in a very high proportion, no matter from their own class. Or from the entire immigration view is so. More importantly, the government and the national civil servants is the spiritual pillar of the war in the end, the civil servants attitude change and the resulting groups to conduct, for the To China history and history of the class, which can not be ignored. The Anti Japanese War Chinese as a traditional agricultural country was embroiled in a modern war. Throughout the war, in addition to military pressure is imminent threat, the national government adhere to the biggest problem facing the long period is financial problems in the face of the national government due to lack of domestic trouble and foreign invasion, production capacity and the ability to help themselves, only to print money the way directly, the inevitable consequences of hyperinflation, and thus lead to soaring prices can not stop, resulting in national life in trouble, this is a chain reaction, but also a vicious spiral. In inflation affected is the largest Catholic personnel class, as with traditional "Scholar" and "always does not work" rule of life, this class is often a lack of Self earning capacity of war and deprived of their extra income, therefore, in the period of Anti Japanese War, civil servants are completely dependent on government salaries. In the specific historical period of life in the rear, with soaring prices intensified, greatly affected the daily life of civil servants, really fell into the "ten and nine" "the point. More importantly, with the fall of the economic status of the civil servants, yet it is no guarantee, let alone become the people's spiritual leader. The wartime social order" scholar, farmer, artisan and merchant "traditional civil servants have the order reversed, from economic and social status at the same time, Maslow said the" physiological, safety, love and respect and the self realization of the five basic needs are met. This is undoubtedly a breakdown of civil servants as modern scholars to Anpinyuedao and the bottom line, mass production of "not enough" The spirit of the students "injustice", civil servants of the group mentality also experienced by the national government to support the opposition. Until centrifugation, evolution of transmutation rear civil servants can be divided into the following stages: a transition period, the rear civil servant mentality (1937-1939) in 1937 after the Anti Japanese war broke out, the most Chinese the affluent coastal areas rapidly fall, the national government revenue plummeted, fortunately, China is an agricultural country, the main factors affecting the price of food and non industrial products, 1937, 1938, the two consecutive years of grain harvest, to a certain extent delayed the rising prices for the early high. The rear of the civil servants, and the local people's psychological advantage of local currency currency exchange and the advantages of the central people, more importantly, civil servants are generally "rise and fall of the world, man has the responsibility of" traditional morality The incentive is also coerced, "Anti Japanese" national mood when civil servants generally "high mentality" in action is actively involved in the Anti Japanese national salvation movement; in 1939, with the strengthening of the Japanese offensive, rear and East provinces, Indochina cut off at the same time, the influx of refugees in the rear, so that to reduce the friction and increase foreign aid. At this time the civil servants, a lower standard of living, was negative, also make civil servants and teachers began to realize the persistent and arduous war, the early excitement mentality began to cool, the "depressed mentality", in action on the performance of go-slow began. In general, this civil servants are basically in the stage of mind by "high", "depressed" "transitional period". In two, rear civil servants attitude change period (1940-1941) in 1940, the fall of Yichang, the rear transport The throat -- the Yangtze River waterway was suppressed, the Yunnan Yunnan is drunk, highway interrupted, shortage of materials of the rear of the further intensified, the years become the inflection point, Chinese inflation in the face of the sudden surge of momentum, rising prices, the government employees generally "anxiety", the action began to ask for a raise, "quit" spontaneous group action; in 1941, the rear began food society also will be turmoil, civil servants are pessimistic about the future of the war began, widespread "lost mentality", can only hope that the war ahead of the end of this period, civil servants appeared the consciousness of group action in action, started to organize step by step a letter demanding better treatment. As a result of this period of rising prices and most of the Japanese on the rear of the "fatigue bombing" accompanied by military rear price pressure to temporarily cover up The focus of attention, civil servants are transferred, although discontent began to sprout, but bitter self repression, in short, the stage of civil servants in mind "anxiety" - "lost" and "quantity". Three, the rear turning period of civil servants attitude (1942-1943) after the Pacific War broke out, Shanghai "island" disappeared, the fall of Hongkong, the rear of maritime smuggling channels are completely blocked, leading to the Soviet desert highway to India and the "Hump" has been far from satisfying the demand of goods in the rear, inflation further. It is worth noting that the Japanese will almost all of the sea, the air force is to to the Pacific battlefield, it no longer on the rear to implement scale bombing attack, the Japanese army focus has turned to the Anti Japanese Democratic base, rear temporarily to live in peace. To reduce the military pressure, but the rear of the previous period to get the prices cover highlights exhaustive, the national government's price control is weak and for.1942 years, with the Japanese in the Pacific's advance, civil servants of the war ahead of the end has no hope, generally "state of mind", to the government the discontent of the beginning of the outbreak, the group began upgrading; in 1943, the national government price policy failure, the civil servant mentality from the early accumulation of quantitative qualitative change to a turning point, in the ability of government civil servants began to appear "doubt mentality", the group action is more and more frequent, and began to direct against the government a basic unit of leapfrog, was unable to control. The so-called "people trustworthy", so far, Jiang Jieshi has basically lost people. From the comprehensive view, the order Some civil servants in mind by the quantitative change to change the "turning point". In four, rear civil servants attitude change period (1944-1945) in 1944, the rear drop in industrial production capacity at the same time, but the grain harvest, rear prices had dropped, but the male staff have been overwhelmed, generally show a "struggling mentality", defeat the Henan Xianggui campaign, thoroughly expose the national government's corruption, and finally became the last straw that breaks the camel, civil servants began publication of dissent in action, even on the government and public criticism; in 1945, with the recovery of the Japanese attack, rear prices began skyrocketing, the control gap between the social reality and the allies kaigegaozou, the civil servants generally exhibit "despair", the sudden victory in their eyes but is also a Pyrrhic victory Only the victory of the government to conceal the brief carnival, the future of despair, civil servants in action on the group appeared on the rebel government, full of complaints has been transformed into the government reform and revolution, in general, whether it is "difficult" or "despair", all qualitative change has occurred, this stage of the Catholic church people can use the "qualitative change" to summarize the transmutation of the rear area. Civil servants caused two consequences: on the one hand, transmutation leads to elite civil servants and government alienation. After eight years of war, civil servants left clear-cut stand to the government on the opposite side, right feel downhearted, even complain to turn iron into steel for the government, as the most centrist take indifferent attitude of the government. The national government in the political, economic Aspects are as the ruling foundation and thought riddled with a thousand wounds, elite civil servants, out of desperation to stay out of the attitude of the government, has made the government unable to normal operation, not to mention the opposite of the government increasingly attract elite. Collapse within the system, it determines to a great extent since China history the trend. On the other hand, transmutation civil servants to become "out of order" - that is, out of the mainstream social order. During the war, due to the decline of the economic status of civil servants, the general loss of reverence for the class, and then have a contempt, the class of elite status increasingly to the edge of slide. More importantly, teachers and civil servants in the dilemma of life that had to take the injured and decent, contrary to the traditional moral norms, and even the rush into danger to make a living, this The civil servants in sense of introspection, self identity lost civil servants began to doubt their own lack of confidence, value, even for one accustomed to faith is shaken; in short, double loss of social identity and self-identity, the civil servants and ultimately by the adsorption within the system of the elite into exile in the system the "out of order", which makes China intellectuals of the "lost" becomes the inevitable thing.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K265
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本文编号：1363006