聋人阅读过程中的副中央凹视觉注意增强效应

发布时间：2018-03-15 08:57

本文选题：聋人　切入点：视觉注意　出处：《天津师范大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：语言是人类相互沟通和交流的主要工具,对个体的毕生发展具有重要的意义。目前,关于听力正常个体的阅读研究已经取得了较为丰硕的成果,但对于聋人群体而言,其阅读的基本问题和特点尚不明确(Be1angerRayner,2015)。聋人读者普遍存在阅读困难,其平均阅读水平远低于同龄听力正常学生(KellyBarac-Cikoja,2007;Mayberry,del Giudice,Lieberman,2011;KyleCain,2015)。因此,探究聋人阅读的加工机制,揭示聋人阅读困难的原因,已成为特殊教育以及心理学领域的重要问题。由于聋人缺乏听觉通道的信息输入,其视觉通道的信息获取就尤为重要。目前,有研究者提出一种聋人视觉注意资源再分配的观点,并在低水平的知觉任务上得到了大量支持(Bavelier,Dye,Hauser,2006;DyeBavelier,2010;Dye,Hauser,Bavelier,2009):由于早期听觉的剥夺,聋人视觉注意资源的分布发生了改变——视觉注意从中央视野转移到了中央凹以外视野,使聋人的边缘视觉能力增强,即对中央凹视野区域的注意资源分配减少,而对中央凹以外视野区域的注意资源分配增多。并且有研究者提出假设,认为聋人这种视觉注意的特点会对聋人的阅读造成影响,但这种假设并未得到相关实证研究的支持。为探究聋人这种视觉注意资源再分配的特点对其阅读过程的影响,本研究首次尝试提出"聋人阅读过程中的副中央凹视觉注意增强效应",即由于聋人听觉感官的剥夺,其视觉通道为适应复杂环境的需要而进行功能补偿,使其边缘视觉的注意增强,更多的注意资源分配于中央凹以外视野;而在注意资源有限的前提下,聋人的这种中央凹以外视觉注意增强导致了中央凹处注意资源的减弱,使得聋人在中央凹处获得信息的能力降低,进而导致阅读效率的下降。上述"聋人阅读过程中的副中央凹视觉注意增强效应"即为本研究拟考察的主要问题。因此,本研究主要包括两项研究,分别从词汇加工水平(研究一)和句子加工水平(研究二)来系统地考察首次提出的"聋人阅读过程中的副中央凹视觉注意增强效应",共包括三个行为实验和三个眼动实验:研究一从词汇加工水平考察聋生在词汇识别过程中的副中央凹注意增强效应。首先,通过实验1比较三组被试(聋生组、阅读水平匹配组和生理年龄匹配组)在词汇识别中是否受到副中央凹分心刺激的影响以及干扰程度。结果发现,相比于健听控制组,聋生更容易受到副中央凹处分心刺激的干扰,其副中央凹干扰效应量更大。实验2包括一个行为实验(2a)和一个眼动实验(2b),主要考察聋生获取副中央凹处启动字正字法信息的启动效应;实验2b则进一步采用呈现随眼动变化的中央凹掩蔽范式(the gaze-contingent foveal masking paradigm,CalvoCastillo,2009)以避免被试产生对副中央凹处信息的外显注意(注视),更为严格地控制被试的眼跳行为。两项分实验结果均表明,在相同的启动时间内,聋生能够获得了更大的副中央凹启动效应量。实验3则进一步比较在无副中央凹信息的条件下,聋生词汇识别中的中央凹加工效率。结果发现,三组被试在中央凹处获得的启动效应量相近,即三者的中央凹加工效率相同。因此,综合研究一的结果,证实了聋人读者在词汇加工中表现出了"副中央凹视觉注意增强效应",即副中央凹的加工效率增强使其中央凹加工受到阻碍;在无副中央凹加工负荷的情况下,其中央凹加工与健听读者相当。研究二从句子加工水平考察聋生在自然句子阅读过程中的副中央凹注意增强效应。分别通过实验4和实验5比较三组被试在句子阅读中副中央凹与中央凹处文本信息的编码速度,从阅读过程眼动特征的时间维度上来探究聋生阅读加工与副中央凹视觉注意增强之间的关系。实验4通过采用消失文本范式操纵副中央凹处词N+1的呈现时间(40ms或正常呈现)。结果发现,整体分析上,只有阅读能力匹配组在副中央凹词N+1短暂呈现时,其总体阅读效率受到显著影响,而聋生组和生理年龄匹配组几乎未受到影响;局部分析上,所有被试在两种文本呈现条件下的词频效应均显著,即短暂的文本呈现时间能够满足读者对词N+1的词汇识别。实验4结果表明,与健听控制组相比,聋人读者在总阅读效率上表现出快速编码副中央凹处文本信息的加工效率高于其阅读能力匹配组,且与其生理年龄匹配组相近。实验5则操纵中央凹处词N的呈现时间(40ms或正常呈现)。结果发现,整体分析上,只有聋生组在中央凹词N短暂呈现时,其总体阅读效率受到显著影响,而健听控制组则几乎未受到影响;局部分析上,在凝视时间上发现,只有聋生在消失条件下的词频效应不显著,这表明短暂呈现的文本信息阻碍了聋生在早期加工中获取词N的词汇信息,其早期词汇通达受到了消失文本操作的影响。实验5结果表明,与健听控制组相比,在短暂的文本呈现时间下,聋生的总体阅读效率受到影响,且对目标词早期的词汇通达亦受到阻碍。因此,综合实验4和实验5的研究结果,研究二主要发现了聋人读者在对副中央凹处文本信息的视觉加工效率上获得增强,而在对中央凹处文本信息的视觉加工效率上受到阻碍。综上所述,本研究得出以下结果:(1)在伴有副中央凹无关文本信息时,相比于健听控制组,聋生对中央凹处词汇进行判断受到的干扰更大。(2)在快速获取副中央凹处字形相似的文本信息上,聋生表现出更高的副中央凹加工效率;且这并不是由于聋生能够更快地做出朝向眼跳而发生的。(3)在排除副中央凹加工的情况下,聋生的中央凹词汇判断成绩与健听读者相近。(4)在句子阅读中,当注视点右侧副中央凹处双字词短暂呈现(40ms)时,能够满足聋生的词汇通达和阅读加工,而对其阅读能力匹配组造成加工困难。(5)当中央凹注视词短暂呈现(40ms)时,能够满足健听读者的词汇通达和阅读加工,而对于聋生的词汇通达和总体阅读效率均有影响。综合以上结果,本研究得出如下结论:无论在单独的词汇加工水平还是自然句子的阅读加工中,均发现了聋人读者阅读中的副中央凹视觉注意增强效应。
[Abstract]:Language is the main tool of human communication and mutual communication, is of great significance to the development of individual life. At present, the study on listening reading in normal individuals has achieved fruitful results, but for the deaf people, reading the basic problems and characteristics is not clear (Be1angerRayner, 2015). The common reader reading difficulties, the average reading level is far lower than that of normal hearing students age (KellyBarac-Cikoja, 2007; Mayberry, del, Giudice, Lieberman, 2011; KyleCain, 2015). Therefore, exploring the processing mechanism of reading to the deaf, deaf to reveal the causes of reading difficulties, has become an important issue in the field of psychology and special education. Due to lack of input information for the deaf the auditory channel, the visual channel information is particularly important. At present, researchers have proposed the redistribution of views a deaf vision, and in Low level perceptual task gets a lot of support (Bavelier, Dye, Hauser, 2006; DyeBavelier, 2010; Dye, Hauser, Bavelier, 2009): because of early auditory deprivation, the visual attention resource distribution change of visual attention from the central vision moved to the center of the field of concave, enhance edge visual abilities of deaf, attention resource allocation of the foveal field area is reduced, and the allocation of attentional resources outside the foveal field area increased. And researchers have proposed the hypothesis that the visual attention characteristics of deaf to deaf reading impact, but this hypothesis has not been related to empirical research support. In order to explore the influence of visual attention characteristics of deaf redistribution on the reading process, this is the first study to try to put forward the "vice foveal vision deaf in the reading process attention enhancement effect", That is because the auditory sensory deprivation, the visual channel to meet the needs of the complex environment and function of compensation, the edge enhancement of visual attention, more attention resources allocated to the central concave outside view; and in the premise of limited attentional resources, the deaf visual attention outside the central concave led to the increase of the fovea at the attention resources weakened, reduce deaf to acquire information in the central recesses, which led to a decline in the efficiency of reading. The parafoveal visual deaf in the reading process attention enhancement effect "is the main problem of this study intends to investigate. Therefore, this research mainly includes two studies, respectively from the lexical processing (1) level and sentence processing level (two) to systematically investigate parafoveal vision of deaf people in the process of reading first proposed" attention enhancement effect ", including a total of three behavioral experiments And three eye movement experiments: a study from the lexical processing level of deaf students in vocabulary recognition in the process of parafoveal attention enhancement. Firstly, by the experiment of 1 subjects were compared between the three groups (the deaf group, reading level, age matched group and normal group) is influenced by the parafoveal distraction and degree of interference in word recognition. The results showed that compared to the control group of normal hearing, deaf students are more susceptible to interference at parafoveal distractor stimuli, the effect of parafoveal interference in greater volume. In Experiment 2, including a behavioral experiment (2a) and an eye movement experiment (2b), the priming effect mainly on the acquisition side of deaf students the central recesses start word orthographic information; 2b is further presented by the experimental foveamasking paradigm with eye movement change (the gaze-contingent foveal masking paradigm, CalvoCastillo, 2009) to avoid trial of parafoveal letter The explicit attention (watch), more stringent control of saccadic behaviors of the subjects are two points. Experimental results show that in the same starting time, deaf students can achieve the parafoveal greater priming effect. In Experiment 3, further comparison in parafoveal information conditions. Deaf students vocabulary recognition foveal processing efficiency. The results showed that three groups of participants in the priming effect of the central recesses were similar, namely three of foveal processing efficiency is the same. Therefore, the comprehensive research results confirmed that the deaf readers in lexical processing shows the parafoveal visual attention enhancement the processing efficiency effect, parafoveal enhancement makes the central concave processing hindered parafoveal processing; under no load conditions, the central concave processing and hearing research. Readers are from two deaf students read the sentence processing level investigation in natural sentence Parafoveal process attention enhancement. Through the experiment 4 and 5 were compared between the three groups in sentence reading and parafoveal foveal text information encoding speed, from the time dimension to explore the characteristics of eye movement of reading the relationship between the enhanced attention of deaf students reading processing and parafoveal visual experiments. 4 by using the disappearing text paradigm manipulation parafoveal word N+1 presentation time (40ms or normal presentation). The results showed that the overall analysis, only the reading ability, short group in parafoveal word N+1, its overall reading efficiency significantly affected, while the physiological age group and matched group were almost deaf effect; local analysis, all of the subjects in the two text word frequency effect conditions significantly, namely short text presentation time to meet the readers of N+1 vocabulary recognition. The experimental results show that 4, The control group compared with normal hearing, deaf readers showed in total reading efficiency on processing efficiency of fast encoding parafoveal text information, reading ability is higher than that of the group, and their physiological age matched group were similar. In Experiment 5, manipulation of the central recesses N presentation time (40ms or normal presentation). Results overall, analysis, only the deaf group in the foveal word N briefly presented, the overall reading efficiency significantly affected, while the hearing control group is almost not affected; local analysis, found in the staring time, only the frequency effect disappeared in the condition of deaf students is not significant, which indicates that lexical information is briefly presented the text information hinders the deaf students obtaining word N in early stage of processing, the early lexical access is affected by the disappearing text operation. In Experiment 5, and hearing control group than in the short text present time, deaf The overall efficiency of reading students affected, and the lexical access target word early also hampered. Therefore, the results of Experiment 4 and 5 overall, two study found deaf readers get enhanced visual processing efficiency of parafoveal text information, and by the visual processing efficiency of the central fovea at the text information on the block. In summary, the results of this study as follows: (1) with independent text information in the parafoveal when compared to the control group of normal hearing, deaf students to judge the interference of the central concave part of larger vocabulary. (2) in obtaining the parafoveal shape at similar text information on the deaf students showed parafoveal processing efficiency is higher; and this is not because the deaf can make faster saccade occurred. (3) in the exclusion of parafoveal processing under the condition of their foveal lexical decision performance And hearing the reader close. (4) in sentence reading, when looking at the right side of central concave double words appear briefly (40ms), to meet their lexical access and reading processing, and to their reading ability, poor processing group. (5) when the central fixation words appear briefly (40ms), to meet the reader's hearing and reading process of lexical access, and for their lexical access and overall reading efficiency were investigated. Based on the above results, the conclusions are as follows: no matter in a separate lexical processing level or natural sentence reading process, were found in the enhancement effect of parafoveal visual attention deaf readers in reading.

【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B842.3

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