不同阶层系统合理信念差异的心理机制：归因与补偿的双重视角

发布时间：2018-05-17 23:01

本文选题：社会阶层 + 系统合理信念　；参考：《华中师范大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：近年来中国经济保持了平稳较快增长的态势,但与此同时贫富差距较大的情况依然严峻,并且不同社会阶层之间的纵向流动也表现出了相对困难的形势。在这样的社会背景之下,深入地了解不同社会阶层民众对于社会系统的态度及其形成的心理机制,是非常有必要的。在心理学过往的研究中,关注这一领域的研究已经有了一定的积累,但是结论并不统一。作为近年来在该领域影响很大的理论,系统合理化理论曾经提出过这样一个观点,它认为低阶层者比高阶层者系统合理信念更高,也就是说低阶层比高阶层个体更认可系统的合理性,更认为社会是公平的、合理的、正当的,这一观点被称为阶层合理性假说。然而,很多研究并不支持阶层合理性假说,反倒发现低阶层者的系统合理信念更低。除了阶层预测系统合理信念的效应备受争议之外,阶层预测系统合理信念的心理机制也很不明确。基于此,本研究立足于最新的文献,梳理出了两条可能存在的心理路径,并且开展了四个研究(共包括9个子研究)来考察阶层预测系统合理信念的效应究竟如何,以及这一效应的心理机制是怎样的。研究一并没有涉及社会阶层预测系统合理信念的心理机制问题,而仅仅考察社会阶层预测系统合理信念的总效应,也即对阶层合理性假说成立与否进行中国样本的检验。子研究1运用中国综合社会调查(Chinese General Social Survey,CGSS)的大样本数据来检验社会阶层与系统合理信念的关系,子研究2通过实验操纵主观阶层来考察其对于系统合理信念的影响,两个子研究结果一致表明,低阶层者的系统合理信念更低。研究二包括子研究3和子研究4,对于阶层预测系统合理信念的归因机制做出了揭示,即考察阶层是否通过控制感、再通过贫富归因,进而预测系统合理信念。两子研究通过选取不同来源的样本,来对此问题做出重复的验证,结果两个研究一致性地支持了社会阶层—控制感—贫富归因—系统合理信念之间存在链式中介作用,也就是说,低阶层者控制感更低,进而使得他们在对于贫富分化进行归因的时候,有更少的内部归因倾向,并由此形成了较低的系统合理信念。这一路径显示了社会阶层通过控制感正向预测系统合理信念的心理过程。研究三揭示了控制感预测系统合理信念的另一种可能的机制即补偿路径。根据补偿性控制理论的观点,低控制感会使个体产生秩序需求的倾向,这种倾向会导致系统合理信念的升高。然而本研究认为,只有在阶层流动知觉较高的情况下,秩序需求倾向才会指向更高的系统合理信念,因为在阶层流动知觉较高时个体才会更倾向于认为社会是有秩序的。因此研究三假设阶层流动知觉会通过调节秩序需求预测系统合理信念的效应,进而调节控制感预测系统合理信念的效应。研究三通过4个子研究层层展开。首先子研究5表明,阶层流动确实能够给人带来更强的秩序感。子研究6和子研究7通过两个实验表明,阶层流动知觉对于控制感与系统合理信念关系确实具有调节作用,当阶层流动知觉较低时,控制感正向预测系统合理信念;而当阶层流动知觉较高时,控制感与系统合理信念无关。在此基础上子研究8通过构建有中介的调节模型,比较完整地揭示了补偿机制的全过程:低控制感个体的秩序需求倾向会增加,当处于低阶层流动知觉水平时,秩序需求倾向与系统合理信念无关;而当处于高阶层流动知觉水平时,秩序需求倾向越高,则系统合理信念越高。研究四即子研究9,通过对593位非学生的成年被试进行数据调查,结合了归因路径、补偿路径包括边界条件,构建了阶层预测系统合理信念的总模型。综合考虑归因路径与补偿路径,可以将社会阶层预测系统合理信念的作用机制及其模型描述如下。首先社会阶层正向预测控制感,而控制感预测系统合理信念存在归因路径与补偿路径两种机制,并且受到阶层流动知觉的调节作用:当阶层流动知觉较低时,只有归因路径成立而补偿路径不成立,控制感通过贫富归因正向预测系统合理信念;而当阶层流动知觉较高时,归因路径与补偿路径均成立,但二者效应符号相反,归因路径的间接效应为正值,补偿路径的间接效应为负值,两条路径有一定的互相抵消作用,故而控制感预测系统合理信念作用不显著。总体来看,社会阶层预测系统合理信念的总效应成立,且为正,也即社会阶层越低,系统合理信念越低,这一结果并没有支持阶层合理性假说的观点。本研究结果对于相关研究领域有一定的启示意义。首先,利用中国本土化样本,得出了与阶层合理性假说相反的结果,提示该观点的跨文化适用性值得注意。其次,本研究将系统合理化理论中的补偿视角与的归因视角相结合,发现归因与补偿这两种机制确实是并存的,而且存在相反的效应,可以在一定条件下相互抵消,这一结果对于揭示阶层预测系统合理信念的心理机制,与前人研究相较有了非常大的推进。最后,对于补偿性控制理论所指出的低控制感导致系统合理信念提升,本研究发现阶层流动知觉可以作为此效应的调节变量。这不仅对于深化该理论观点有所贡献,而且也有着重要的现实意义:对于那些控制感较低的低阶层者而言,只有让他们感到社会阶层的流动是通畅的,他们才会提升对于社会系统的认可程度。通过这一角度,本研究提示管理者健全社会流动机制对于社会稳定的重要意义。
[Abstract]:In recent years, China's economy has maintained a steady and rapid growth trend, but at the same time the gap between the rich and the poor is still severe, and the vertical flow between different social strata has also shown a relatively difficult situation. The psychological mechanism of formation is very necessary. In the study of psychological past, there has been a certain accumulation of attention in this field, but the conclusion is not unified. As a theory which has been greatly influenced in this field in recent years, the theory of systematic rationalization has once put forward such a view that the lower class is more than the higher class. The reasonable belief is higher, that is to say that the lower class is more reasonable than the high class individual, and that the society is fair, reasonable and justified. This view is called the stratum rationality hypothesis. However, many studies do not support the stratum rationality hypothesis, but find that the low class people have lower rational belief. In addition, the psychological mechanism of the reasonable belief of the class prediction system is not clear. Based on the latest literature, this study has combed out two possible psychological paths and carried out four studies (including 9 sub Studies) to examine the effectiveness of the reasonable belief of the class prediction system. What is it, and what is the psychological mechanism of this effect. The study does not involve the psychological mechanism of the reasonable belief of the social stratum prediction system, but only the general effect of the reasonable belief of the social stratum prediction system, that is, the test of the Chinese sample for the establishment of the hypothesis of the stratum rationality. The 1 Application of the sub study. The large sample data of Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) was used to test the relationship between social stratum and the rational belief of the system. Sub study 2 examined the influence of the subjective class on the rational belief of the system by experiment manipulating the subjective class. The results of the two sub studies showed that the lower class's rational belief was lower. The study of the two packages was two packets. The study 3 and the sub study 4, the attribution mechanism of the reasonable belief of the class prediction system is revealed, that is, whether the survey stratum passes the sense of control, and then through the poor and the rich attribution, and then predicts the reasonable belief of the system. The two studies make repeated verification of the problem by selecting samples from different sources, and the results of the two studies are consistent. It supports the social stratum - the sense of control - the attribution of the rich and the poor - the chain mediator between the rational belief of the system, that is to say, the lower stratum has a lower sense of control so that they have less internal attribution when they are attributable to the polarization of the rich and the poor, and thus form a lower system reasonable belief. This path shows that A psychological process for the social stratum to predict the rational belief of the system through the sense of control. Study three reveals another possible mechanism for the rational belief of the control sense forecasting system, namely the compensation path. According to the theory of compensatory control, the low sense of control will lead to the tendency of the individual to produce the order of order, which will lead to the rational belief of the system. However, this study believes that only when the perception of class flow is higher, the tendency of order demand will point to a higher system of rational belief, because the individual is more inclined to think that the society is orderly when the perception of the class flow is high. The effect of rational belief is unified, and the effect of the rational belief of the control sense prediction system is adjusted. Study three is carried out through 4 sub studies. First, the sub study 5 shows that class flow does bring a stronger sense of order. Sub study 6 and sub study 7 show that class flow perception is reasonable for control and system by two experiments. When the perception of the class flow is low, the sense of control is forward to the reasonable belief of the system, while the sense of control is not related to the rational belief of the system when the perception of the class flow is high. On this basis, subresearch 8 reveals the whole process of the compensation mechanism through the construction of a mediating adjustment model: the sense of low control. The tendency of the individual's order of order will increase. When it is at the low level of perception, the tendency of order demand is irrelevant to the rational belief of the system. While in the high level of perception, the higher the tendency of order demand is, the higher the reasonable belief of the system is, the study four is 9 of the sub study, through the data investigation of 593 non students' adult subjects. Combining the attribution path, the compensation path includes the boundary conditions, and the overall model of the reasonable belief of the class prediction system is constructed. Considering the attribution path and the compensation path, the action mechanism and the model of the social stratum prediction system can be described as follows. First, the social order is forward predictive control, and the control sense prediction system is combined. There are two mechanisms of attribution path and compensation path, and it is regulated by the perception of stratum flow: when the perception of stratum flow is low, only the attribution path is established and the compensation path is not established, and the sense of control is attributable to the rational belief of the positive prediction system through the poor and rich attribution; and the attribution path and compensation path are higher when the perception of the class flow is higher. But the two effect symbols are opposite, the indirect effect of the attribution path is positive, the indirect effect of the compensation path is negative, the two paths have a certain counteraction, so the effect of the reasonable belief of the control sense prediction system is not significant. The lower the social class, the lower the rational belief of the system, the result does not support the viewpoint of the stratum rationality hypothesis. The results of this study have some implications for the related research fields. First, the Chinese localization samples are used to get the result of the contrary to the stratum rationality hypothesis, which suggests that the cross-cultural applicability of this viewpoint is worthy of attention. Secondly, this study combines the compensation perspective and the attribution perspective in the theory of system rationalization, and finds that the two mechanisms of attribution and compensation do coexist, and there is the opposite effect, which can be counteracted under certain conditions. This result is a comparison of the psychological mechanism of revealing the reasonable belief of the class prediction system and the previous research. In the end, the low control sense pointed out by the compensatory control theory leads to the improvement of the rational belief of the system. This study finds that the perception of class flow can be used as an adjustment variable of this effect. This not only contributes to this theory, but also has important practical significance: the lower control sense is lower. In the lower class, only by making them feel the flow of social strata is smooth, they will increase the degree of recognition of the social system. Through this angle, this study suggests that the manager's sound social mobility mechanism is important to social stability.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B848

【参考文献】