技术与电影艺术的发展

发布时间：2018-01-20 12:16

  本文关键词： 技术 电影艺术 影响　出处：《湖南师范大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在艺术这个大家族中,电影艺术无疑是七大艺术门类中最年轻的艺术。其他艺术门类,都可以称得上历史悠久甚至古老,比如绘画、文学、雕塑、舞蹈、音乐等。它们之中有的在原始社会时期就已初露端倪了,迄今为止已拥有了悠久深厚的传统和辉煌灿烂的成果。而电影艺术却是19世纪末的产物,至今只有百余年历史,然其发展之快却使电影迅速地从其他艺术形式中独立出来,成为了继诗歌、音乐、绘画、舞蹈、雕塑、建筑这传统六大艺术门类之后的“第七艺术”。而电影作为“第七艺术”,它区别于其他艺术形式的一个重要特征便是,电影是唯一以一项技术的发明作为生辰标志的艺术。电影艺术诞生至今不过百余年,在这一百多年的发展历程中,每一次技术的突破都推动着电影不断前进,甚至为电影带来一次新的革命,给不断发展的电影艺术注入源源不断的新鲜血液。有学者曾表示,一部电影发展史,亦可看作一部电影技术史。电影自其诞生之日起,就与科技结下了不解之缘,它能广泛吸收所有于其有利的科技成果,这种与技术的兼容性,是其他传统艺术难以企及的。所以,从某种程度上来说,电影的发展就在于技术的发展,技术的进步亦代表着电影的进步,两者相伴相生,不可分离。本文以技术与电影艺术作为研究对象,着力于研究技术与电影艺术发展之间存在的联系。通过回顾电影艺术自诞生以来,从无声到有声,从黑白到彩色,从胶片到数字,每一次重大变革背后的技术背景,探讨每一次技术的进步对电影艺术产生的影响,以及艺术的需求对技术发展的推动作用,力求深入理解和把握技术与电影艺术之间的互动关系。本文从三个部分展开论述。第一部分绪论。综述、评析目前学术界对技术与电影研究的状况,梳理、回顾技术对电影影响的研究已取得的成果和不足,指出本文的研究意义、方法、内容及创新之处。第二部分共有六章。先简要梳理相关概念,然后从五个大的技术进展探讨技术的发展对中国电影艺术的影响。第一章技术与电影。对技术、电影及电影艺术的定义进行明确界定,并从电影发展史的描述上说明技术对电影艺术的发展有着举足轻重的意义与影响,最后从掌握技术的人——电影创作者的角度来分析,电影艺术之所以呈现出丰富多样的艺术效果和艺术表现力,主要在于电影创作者对技术不同的选择和操作。第二章电影的诞生。首先回顾传统艺术中类似电影艺术的元素,如走马灯、皮影戏、绘画,并说明这些早期的艺术与电影之间的关系。然后论述现代技术的发展,如照相术的诞生、摄影术的出现、放映机的发明如何催生电影的诞生。最后介绍电影作为一门艺术与其他艺术(如戏剧、绘画、小说)的异同,并简要论述电影艺术的主要特征。第三章奇妙的声音。此章选取了电影从无声到有声经历的四个阶段:蜡盘发声、胶片发声、磁性录音和数字立体声。简要回顾了每种声音技术的发展概况,着重分析蜡盘发声、胶片发声、磁性录音和数字立体声分别在声音的表现方式,声音理论的建构,电影空间的拓展,电影表演等方面对电影艺术发展产生的影响。第四章缤纷的色彩。首先回顾彩色胶片出现之前,调色法等技术在电影艺术中的运用,介绍当时的技术条件下电影的发展概况,并分析早期的彩色片的审美特征;然后论述彩色胶片诞生后,色彩的调整和光效的变化对电影发展的影响,以及彩色片独有的审美特征;最后探讨数字技术在电影调色方面的应用。第五章变形的银幕。先回顾宽银幕电影出现之前,最初电影常见的两种影像画幅比,一种是默片的1.33:1(或4:3),一种是35mm有声片的“标准画幅比”1.37:1,此外还有一种特别的8.75mm电影的产生和消失;然后论述变形镜头技术问题的解决,对宽银幕影像质量的影响,并分析宽银幕给电影艺术的构图等方面带来的变化;最后介绍立体电影,先分析立体电影诞生的技术支撑,然后探讨立体电影技术对电影艺术发展的影响,在此基础上,简要介绍360°环幕电影和IMAX球幕电影等其他大屏幕电影。第六章疯狂的数字。首先介绍传统胶片的诞生,以及数字技术的发展概况;然后从电影类型、电影叙事、电影制作以及电影本质四个方面论述数字技术的介入对电影艺术的影响。第三部分结语。总结技术的发展对电影艺术的叙事、本质等产生的影响以及人们对影像真实感等的追求对电影技术的促进作用。并通过对电影艺术史中的一些反技术主义的流派的主张和现在某些电影过分强调技术化倾向而损坏了电影艺术性的现状进行分析,得出技术的堆砌并不是电影的本质,而技术含量的多少也并非电影追求的目标,对于电影而言,技术只是展现其艺术表现力的手段,所以不可过分突出技术,二者之间是相辅相成,互利共生的结论。也就是说技术的更新推动着电影艺术的发展,艺术的追求又促进了技术的进步。在电影艺术的发展史上,技术的进步起到了举足轻重的作用,甚至可以说没有技术就没有电影艺术,没有技术的进步就没有电影艺术的发展,而技术的支撑,才使电影艺术有了非凡的表现力,与此同时,技术也在电影艺术的表现中获得了更为宽广的展现。正因为电影的艺术效果在一定程度上受到科技含量的影响,所以技术在电影制作过程中的不同运用,往往就导致电影艺术展现出不同的艺术表现力,而一种新的艺术效果的诞生,一般都是通过技术的变革而实现的,电影技术的发展存在着巨大的潜能,从而导致电影艺术在创作手段上亦存在无限的可能性,技术与电影艺术之间是相互依靠,互相影响的,两者之间的互动关系让人着迷:每一次技术的进步,都推动着电影艺术走向更为高级的阶段,而人们对于电影艺术的追求,又逼迫着技术不断向前发展。
[Abstract]:In this big family of art, art of film art is undoubtedly the most young seven categories of art. Other kinds of art, can be called a long history and ancient, such as painting, sculpture, literature, dance, music and so on. Some of them in the period of primitive society have been emerging, so far has a long history the traditional and brilliant achievements. While the film art is the end of the nineteenth Century product, so far only a hundred years of history, but its rapid development is to make the film quickly separate from other art forms, became the poetry, music, painting, dance, sculpture, architecture of the traditional six kinds of art "seventh art". The film as "seventh art", an important feature which is different from other art forms is that the movie is the only to a technical invention as birthday sign art film arts. Since the birth of only 100 years, in the course of more than 100 years of development, every technological breakthrough has pushed forward the movie, even bring a new revolution for the film, inject fresh blood Everfount to film art development. Some scholars have said that the history of the development of a movie can be regarded as a movie film technology history. Since its birth, and science and technology the indissoluble bound, it can absorb all the beneficial achievements of science and technology, and this technology is the compatibility of other traditional art elusive. So, to some extent, the development of the film lies in the development of technology the progress of technology, also represents the progress of the film, the two together, can not be separated. Based on the technology and film art as the research object, focus on the development of research between technology and film in contact through. Review of film art since its birth, from silent to sound, from black and white to color, from film to digital technology, the background behind every major change, to explore the effect of each technical progress of movie art, art and the demand for technology development and the interaction between the depth to understand and grasp the technology and film art. This paper discussed from three parts. The first part is the introduction. The review of the current academic research on technology and film, combing, review the influence of technology on the film has achieved results and shortcomings, points out the research significance, the method, content and innovation second. There are six chapters. First briefly introduces related concepts, then discusses the influence of technology on the development of China film art from the five major technical progress. In the first chapter. The technology and film technology, film and film The definition of art were clearly defined, and from the history of the development of the film that has a description of the influence and significance of the development of an important technology of movie art, finally from the skilled people -- filmmakers from the perspective of movie art is showing the artistic effect and artistic expression varied, mainly lies in the filmmakers of the selection and operation of different techniques. The birth of second chapter film. Firstly review similar film art in traditional art elements, such as lantern, shadow, painting, and explain the relationship between these early art and film. And then discusses the development of modern technology, such as the birth of photography, the appearance of photography, projector the invention of how to promote the birth of the film. The film as an art and other art (such as painting, drama, novels) the similarities and differences, and briefly discusses the main film art To the characteristics. The third chapter voices. This chapter selects from silent to sound films has experienced four stages: the wax film sound, sound, magnetic recording and digital stereo. A brief review of the development situation of each kind of sound technology, focuses on the analysis of wax film sound, sound, magnetic recording and digital stereo in the performance of voice, sound construction theory, expand the film space, influence on the development of film art film acting as a result. The fourth chapter first reviews the colors. Color film before using toning techniques in film art, introduce the general development of the technical conditions at the time of the movie the aesthetic features, and analyze the early color film color film; and then discusses the influence of adjustment after the birth of color and light change effect on the development of the film, and the aesthetic characteristics of color film unique; finally The application of digital technology in film color. The fifth chapter first reviews the deformation of the screen. A wide screen film before, two kinds of image format original movie common ratio, is a silent film of 1.33:1 (or 4:3), a 35mm sound "standard format than" 1.37:1, in addition to a in particular the emergence and disappearance of 8.75mm movies to solve technical problems; and then discusses the lens distortion, wide screen effect on image quality, and the analysis of changes in the wide screen brings to the art of film composition and other aspects; finally introduces the three-dimensional film, the first analysis of technical support for the birth of three-dimensional film, then to explore the influence of technology on the development of three-dimensional film the art of film, based on the brief introduction of 360 degree movie screen and IMAX ball screen film and other big screen movies. The sixth chapter first introduces the birth of crazy numbers. The traditional film, and the development of digital technology ; then from the type of film, film narrative, discusses the influence of digital technology in film production and the nature of the film in four aspects involved in the art of film. The third part is conclusion. Summarize the development techniques of narrative art of film, the influence of nature from the image and the people of the realistic pursuit of film technology promotion. And based on some anti movies in the history of art genre advocates and now some movies emphasize the technical tendency and damage analysis of the status quo of film art, the nature of the technology stack is not the film, but also how much technical content of the film is not the pursuit of the goal, for the film, just show the means of artistic expression, so not too prominent, between the two are complementary and mutually beneficial symbiosis results. That is to update the technology driving power Development of film art, the pursuit of art and promote the progress of technology. In the history of the development of film art, technological progress has played a pivotal role, even can be said that there is no technology of film art, no technological progress without the development of film art, and technical support, to make a film art the extraordinary performance of the force, at the same time, also in the movie art performance in a more broad show. Because the film art effect is affected by the content of science and technology in a certain extent, so the technology in the film making process by using different, often leads to the movie art show different artistic expression however, a new artistic effect of birth, are generally realized by the change of technology, the development of film technology has great potential, resulting in the creation of the film art means also exist The infinite possibilities between technology and art of film is to rely on each other, mutual influence, the interaction between the two fascinating: every technological progress, promote the movie art towards a more advanced stage, and people for the movie the pursuit of art, and forced the technology of continuous development.

【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：J905
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本文编号：1448151