社会困境中的合作行为：从收益情境到损失情境

发布时间：2018-01-26 03:56

本文关键词： 社会困境合作收益情境损失情境腹侧纹状体内侧前额叶　出处：《华东师范大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：合作是人类生存与发展的基石,作为社会性的群居生物,人类需要与他人进行物质和情感的交流,通过合作来维持种群的延续。但与此同时,在社会互动过程中,人们又总会遭际到个体利益与他人或集体利益的冲突;面对冲突与矛盾,能否摒弃个人利益而保持合作,对于个人幸福以及人类命运都具有至关重要的意义。而社会困境研究由于一针见血的折射出了个体利益与他人或集体利益的冲突本质,并同时涵盖了现代社会所面临的诸多亟待解决的合作问题,如环境污染、资源短缺、气候变暖等,因此,在近30年成为了众多学科关注的焦点,也激发了大量的心理学研究者对其进行探讨。目前,心理学视角下的大量实证研究已经证明,在社会困境中,人们往往能够做出牺牲个人利益而维护他人或集体利益的亲社会合作行为,且这种亲社会行为表现出一定的直觉自动性特点。然而,既往研究中的社会困境往往置于正向的收益情境中,即个体所面对的是令自己多获益而他人或集体少获益还是令自己少获益而他人或集体多获益的决策困境。但在现实生活中,个人利益与他人或集体利益的冲突有时是聚焦在某种负向的价值或结果上,即个体所面对的是令自己少损失而他人或集体多损失还是令自己多损失而他人或集体少损失的决策困境。那么,面对损失情境下的社会困境,个体还能否做出亲社会的合作行为呢?其特点又与收益情境下的合作行为会有何不同呢?对于上述问题,尚需展开进一步的研究和探讨。由于在损失情境下,个体做出亲社会合作行为需要付出更大的代价,因此对损失情境下社会困境中合作行为的探讨能够更深刻的揭示人类亲社会性的本质。鉴于此,本研究在经典的社会困境任务基础上,通过操纵社会困境中利益冲突标的的效价营造出收益与损失两种情境,并综合采用公共物品困境、公共资源困境和囚徒困境三种经典的社会困境类型,系统考察了两种情境下社会困境中的亲社会合作行为及其特点。此外,本研究还借助fMRI技术,并分别聚焦于社会困境任务的决策和反馈阶段,通过与收益情境下社会困境中合作行为相关脑机制的对比,初步揭示了损失情境下社会困境中合作行为对应的脑机制。为此,本论文共开展了四个研究:研究一在经典公共物品困境与公共资源困境的基础上,通过操纵个体利益与集体利益冲突标的的效价,分别设置出收益情境以及损失情境下的公共物品困境与公共资源困境,并综合采用问卷调查和实验室实验的方法,系统探究了个体在不同情境下的社会困境中合作行为的差异,进而为社会困境中合作行为的广泛存在提供佐证。实验结果发现,无论是在收益情境还是损失情境下,被试在社会困境任务中均表现出较高的合作行为水平,且在收益情境下合作水平更高。该结果表明,个体为了集体利益而牺牲自我利益的亲社会合作行为具有一定的跨情境性。在研究一基础上,研究二进一步操纵了公共物品与公共资源两类社会困境任务中的决策时间,以期系统考察个体在时间压力下,收益与损失情境下的社会困境任务中合作行为的差异,并试图为社会困境中亲社会合作行为的直觉自动性特点提供新的证据。实验结果发现,无论是在收益情境下还是在损失情境下,被试在高时间压力下的社会困境任务中的合作水平更高;且无论是在高时间压力还是无时间压力条件下,在公共物品困境任务中,收益情境下被试的合作水平均高于损失情境下的合作水平,但被试在公共资源困境任务中的合作水平则无此差异。该结果表明,收益和损失情境下社会困境中的亲社会合作行为均具有直觉自动性的特点,而损失情境对亲社会合作行为的削弱作用会受到社会困境类型的影响。研究三则借助fMRI技术,采用囚徒困境任务,进一步考察了社会困境决策过程所对应的脑激活模式,同时探查了收益情境与损失情境下社会困境决策过程对应的脑活动是否存在分离。行为数据结果分析发现,无论是在收益情境还是损失情境下,被试在囚徒困境任务中均表现出较高的合作行为水平,且在收益情境下的合作选择更多,该结果与研究一及研究二的结果一致。fMRI数据结果分析发现,相较于做出背叛选择,被试在做出合作选择的决策过程中诱发了右侧背内侧前额叶、右侧顶下小叶、右侧楔前叶和右侧腹内侧前额叶等脑区更大的激活;且相较于收益情境,在损失情境下做出合作选择诱发的顶下小叶等脑区的激活更大。上述结果表明,即使在损失情境下的单次匿名社会困境中,被试依然具有亲社会合作的偏好倾向;而被试在做出合作决策的过程中可能比做出背叛决策时更多的对他人的心理活动进行了推理加工,且在损失情境下尤甚。研究四则在研究三基础上,进一步考察了收益与损失情境下社会困境反馈阶段所对应的脑激活模式。行为数据结果分析发现,无论是在收益情境还是损失情境下,被试在囚徒困境任务中均表现出较高的合作行为水平,且在收益情境下的合作选择更多,该结果与研究一、研究二及研究三的发现相一致。fMRI数据结果分析发现,相较于囚徒困境的其它三种终局结果,双方合作的终局引发了腹侧纹状体与腹内侧前额叶更强的激活,且纹状体这种更强的激活仅存在于收益情境中,而腹内侧前额叶的这种激活在收益和损失两种情境下均存在。上述结果表明,即使在损失情境下的单次匿名社会困境中,被试依然具有一定的亲社会合作倾向;而社会合作本身可能即具有主观的抽象奖赏价值,进而能够促使个体做出亲社的合作行为,且对其编码及加工与腹侧纹状体以及腹内侧前额叶有关。综上,本研究主要有以下几点发现:(1)个体在收益与损失情境下的社会困境中,均能够做出较高水平的牺牲自我利益的亲社会合作行为,且两种情境下个体的亲社会合作行为均具有直觉自动性的特点;(2)损失情境对社会困境中的合作行为具有一定的削弱作用,但这种作用会受到社会困境类型的影响;(3)社会困境中合作行为的决策过程相比于非合作行为诱发了背内侧前额叶、顶下小叶等心理理论相关脑区更大的激活,且在损失情境下的激活更强,表明个体在做出合作选择的过程中对他人的心理活动进行了更多的推理加工,且在损失情境下尤甚;(4)社会合作本身可能即具有主观的抽象奖赏价值,进而能够促使个体做出亲社的合作行为,且对其编码及加工与腹侧纹状体以及腹内侧前额叶有关。
[Abstract]:Cooperation is the cornerstone of the survival and development of human beings, as social creatures, human beings need physical and emotional exchanges with others through cooperation to maintain population succession. But at the same time, in the process of social interaction, people will experience the conflict of individual interests and collective interests or others; in the face of conflict and contradiction that can abandon personal interests and maintain cooperation, have important significance for personal happiness and human destiny. Social dilemma research due to sharply reflects the essence of the conflict of individual interests and collective interests or others, and also covers many urgent problems faced by the cooperation of the modern society, such as environmental pollution, shortage of resources therefore, climate change, and in the past 30 years has become the focus of attention of many disciplines, but also stimulate a lot of psychological research into the present, A large number of empirical studies from the perspective of psychology has proved that in social dilemmas, people tend to sacrifice personal interests and safeguard the interests of others or collective Pro social behavior, and this kind of Pro social behavior showed intuitive automatic characteristics of a certain social dilemma. However, in the previous research. The positive return is often placed in the situation. The face is to make yourself more individual benefit and collective benefit of others or less or less benefit to make their own decision dilemma while others or more collective benefit. But in reality, the conflict between individual interests and collective interests of others or sometimes focus on negative value or result in a sense, the face of the individual make yourself less losses to others or damage or make their own collective losses while others or less loss of collective decision-making dilemma. So, in the face of social dilemma loss situation, individual Can also make cooperative behavior prosocial behavior and its characteristics? Cooperation and income situations will differ? For these problems, are required to carry out further research and discussion. Due to the loss situation, make individual prosocial cooperation behavior need to pay a higher price, so to explore cooperation on the loss situation of society the plight of behavior can profoundly reveal the essence of the pro social nature of human being. In view of this, this study in social dilemma tasks based on the classics, by manipulating the social dilemma of conflicts of interests in the potency of creating gains and losses of two kinds of situations, and the public goods dilemma, types of social public resources Predicament and dilemma the prisoner's dilemma of three classic system, the effects of two kinds of situations in social dilemmas of prosocial behaviors and characteristics of cooperation. In addition, this study also uses fMRI technology, and focus The decision and feedback stage in social dilemma task, by comparison with the income situation of cooperative behavior in social dilemmas related to brain mechanism, reveals the brain mechanism of cooperative behavior in social dilemmas loss situation corresponding. Therefore, this paper carried out a total of four studies: one based in the classic public goods dilemma and public resource dilemma the research, through the manipulation of individual and collective interests conflict subject potency, respectively set up public goods dilemma situation and income loss situation and predicament of public resources, and combined with the questionnaire survey and laboratory experiment system, explores the differences of cooperative behavior of individual social dilemmas in different situations in the then, as in social dilemmas of cooperative behavior widely exists. The experimental results provide evidence that both in the profit or loss situation, subjects in any social dilemma In the affairs of all showed high levels of cooperation, and in return under the context of a higher level. The results show that the pro individual self sacrifice interests in collective interests cooperation has certain social behavior across situations. Based on above research, study two further manipulation of public goods and public resources two kinds of society the plight of tasks in the decision-making time, in order to explore the individual system under time pressure, the difference of cooperative behavior task social dilemma situations of gains and losses, and try to automatic features of intuition in social dilemmas Pro social behavior provides new evidence. Experimental results show that both in the income situation or in the loss situation, the subjects in the high level of cooperation in social dilemma task under time pressure in the higher; and whether it is in high time pressure or no time pressure conditions in the public goods dilemma In the task, the level of cooperation is the income situation is higher than the level of cooperation in loss situations, but is the level of cooperation in public resource dilemma tasks in no such differences. The results show that the profit and loss situation in social dilemmas of prosocial behavior are intuitive cooperation characteristics of, and loss situation is affected by the social dilemma type to weaken the role of Pro social behavior. On the three with the help of fMRI technology, the prisoner's dilemma task, further examines the corresponding social dilemma decision-making process of brain activation patterns, also check the social dilemma situation and decision-making process of income loss situation corresponding to the existence of brain activity separation. Behavioral data analysis results show that, whether in the profit or loss situation, subjects in the prisoner's dilemma task showed higher levels of income and in cooperative behavior. The choice of cooperation in the context of more, the results and the results of a study and research two.FMRI data analysis results show that, compared to make choice of subjects in the betrayal, make a choice in the decision-making process of cooperation induced by the right dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, right inferior parietal lobule, right precuneus and the right activation of ventromedial prefrontal brain area larger; and compared to the income situation, in loss situation make choice of activation induced by inferior parietal lobe and other brain regions more. These results show that the single anonymous social dilemma even in loss situations, subjects still have pro social cooperation preferences; while the subjects in the process make a decision may make cooperation more than betray decisions of others psychological activities carried out reasoning processing, and especially in loss situation. Four in three on the basis of the research, further examines the benefits and The corresponding stage of the social dilemma feedback loss situation of brain activation patterns. Behavioral data analysis results show that, whether in the profit or loss situation, subjects in the prisoner's dilemma task showed higher levels of cooperation, and cooperation in the income situation more choice, the results of a study and research. The two and three study found consistent results of.FMRI data analysis found that the other three final results compared to the prisoner's dilemma, cooperation between the two sides of the final trigger activation of the ventral striatum and ventral medial prefrontal cortex and the striatum activated stronger, stronger exist only in the income situation, the ventromedial prefrontal activation are the gains and losses in two situations. The results show that the single anonymous social dilemma even in loss situations, subjects still have certain Pro social cooperation and social inclination; Cooperation itself may have subjective abstract reward value, which can make the individual cooperative behavior prosocial, and the encoding and processing with the ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. In conclusion, this study has the following findings: (1) the individual income and losses in social dilemma situations that can make the higher level of self sacrifice the interests of Pro social behavior, and the two kinds of situations of individual Pro social behavior has the characteristics of intuition are automatically; (2) loss situation on cooperative behavior in social dilemmas has weakened, but this effect will be affected by the type of social dilemma; (3) compared to the decision making process of cooperation in social dilemmas in non cooperative behavior induced by the dorsomedial prefrontal, parietal lobule related psychological theory more activation, and the loss of activation context That is stronger, more individual reasoning processing of others make cooperation psychological activity in the process of selection, and especially in loss situation; (4) social cooperation which has itself may be subjective or abstract reward value, which can make the individual prosocial cooperation behavior, and related to the encoding and processing with the ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B848.4

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