动词“看”“想”“说”“知道”为核心构成的话语标记研究

发布时间：2018-04-25 06:20

本文选题：话语标记 + 动词　；参考：《华中师范大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：本文主要研究动词“看“‘想”“说”“知道”为核心构成的话语标记。主要内容和观点如下：第一,以动词“看”为核心构成的话语标记主要考察话语标记“我看”和“你看”。话语标记“我看”主要探讨其发展为话语标记的语义基础、“我看”的行事分析和出现的篇章语境,并考察访谈语境中的话语标记“我是这么看的”。话语标记“你看”主要探讨其判定、行事分析和出现的语篇语境,并考察谈话语境中的话语标记“你看”。主要观点为：话语标记“我看”的形成和“看”的观察义也有关。具有提醒功能的话语标记“你看”的形成和交际双方共同经历的视觉经验相关。说话人在执行断言的言语行为时,通过“我看”表明某一命题只是从“我”的视角来断定的,“我”保证并相信其为真。这使命题内容带上了一定的主观性,降低了表达的客观性。从而降低了肯定或否定的程度,往往显得比较委婉。在建议的言语行为中,“我看”主要在建议的先决条件上起作用,体现了说话人对听话人的思考,因而也是真诚的,使建议更为委婉。在表情的言语行为中,“我看”体现了说话人的事实和价值断定过程,表明说话人表达的感情是有依据的。“我看”常见的篇章语境包括转折关系和因果关系。话语标记“你看”用来征询意见时,隐含着对对方经验、知识的丰富性的肯定的前提,潜在地提升了对方的面子,表达也就更为委婉。表示提醒的话语标记“你看”在说话人陈述某一事实或情况的时候,具有变换表达视角的作用,体现了说话人对听话人的关注,表达更为委婉。从篇章语境看,“你看”多用来引出原因或证据,和相关话语构成因果关系。“我是这么看的”是话语标记“我看”在访谈语境中的一个变体。在一般的谈话语境中,话语标记“你看”主要表现为提醒功能。第二,以“想”类动词为核心构成的话语标记主要探讨话语标记“我想”的判定、行事分析和出现的篇章语境,话语标记“你想”的判定、话语功能和语篇功能。并专门考察访谈语境中的话语标记“我觉得”。主要观点为：“想”作为一个认知行为,既体现出认知过程的持续性,又体现出认知的结果性。当说话人对想的内容进行叙述的时候,是对其思维认知的结果的叙述。话语标记“我想”和“你想”的形成并不都遵循“想”的语义演变过程。话语标记“你想”是由表示让听话人换个角度思考一下的动词短语“你想”直接发展而来的。从言语行为的角度看,话语标记“我想”用来引出断言,着重在表明某一命题属于自己的主观看法,并不强调其事实证据,带有很大的不确定性。从篇章上看,“我想”所引出的内容和其前面的内容在语义上主要有因果关系、转折关系、解释关系和条件关系。话语标记“你想”的功能主要是提醒对方关注某一显而易见的事实或道理。语篇上,“你想”多用来引出解释说明性的话语。“我觉得”作为一个话语标记用来表达说话人的主观看法时,凝固性并不十分强。在访谈类节目中“我觉得”的出现频率要远大于“我想”“我看”。由于节目性质、嘉宾身份、访谈目的甚至访谈氛围都会直接影响主持人和嘉宾对“我觉得”的使用。第三,以“说”为核心构成的话语标记主要探讨表示断言的话语标记“我敢说”、话语标记“要说”和“说起来”、并对比分析话语标记和连词“别说”的来源。主要观点为：说话人通过“我敢说”来引出一个断言,体现出其对断言的基本条件和真诚条件的关注,即说话人相信并承诺某一断言为真。说话人之所以使用话语标记“我敢说”来引出断言内容,主要就是提醒听话人尽管后续的断言内容具有一定的超事实性、夸张性,但说话人仍然相信并保证其为真。“我敢说”经常出现的语境包括：主观推断、表达异见、做出预言、揭露现实、赞誉鼓励和强调誓言。话语标记“要说”经常引出一个常理下对上文某一观点或情况的评价,为进一步的评价埋下伏笔。话语标记“说起来”的功能是基于其表示言说的开始和继续。它出现在话轮开头标记言语行为的开始,用来引出某一不寻常或伤感遗憾的话语,出现在话轮中间表示言语行为的继续,用来引出与前述话语相关的内容。连词“别说”和话语标记“别说”都来自于其动词短语形式。“别说”发展为话语标记,其元语否定是在内部言语上起作用,体现出说话人对自我原有认知的否定。话语标记“别说”不在于凸显原有认知和事实之间的关系,而在于表明事实的新异性和超常规性。说话人通过“别说”从听话人的视角来表达某一新异信息使表达更具表现力,且有提示对方关注该新异信息的功能。第四,以动词“知道”为核心构成的话语标记主要在小说语域中进行研究,主要内容包括：话语标记“你知道”和“你不知道”的判定问题,并专门探讨话语标记“你不知道”、非典型话语标记“我知道”以及话语标记“我不知道”形成的语义基础,最后探讨话语标记“要知道”。主要观点为：对话语标记“你知道／不知道”来说,最为重要的是看句子“你知道／不知道Y”的重音。相对于“你知道”和“你不知道”来说,动词短语“我知道”“我不知道”是说话人对自己认知状态的描述。由于当说话人说其知道某一信息的时候,就表示他确信某一信息为真。因此,“知道”带上了确信义。“我知道”相当于“我确信”,“我不知道”相当于“我不确信”,二者都发展出话语标记的功能。“我知道”是一个非典型的话语标记。单独使用的“我知道”即使具有表达说话人姿态的功能,但它是建立在说话人对自己拥有某一信息的描述的基础上的。带小句、多重小句宾语的“我知道”尽管在韵律上具有独立性,句法上具有可删除性,但是最为重要的一点是,对它是否参与小句命题内容的构建不好确定。话语标记“要知道”由表示“需要知道”的动词短语发展而来,它不参与相邻小句的命题内容的构建,句法上可删除,其后经常有停顿,是一个韵律单位。话语标记“要知道”具有提醒功能。“要知道”位于话轮开头或段首位置,用来引出一个常识性的知识作为后续观点和进一步论述的原因。“要知道”位于话轮或段落中间,用来引出某一事实或道理作为支持某一观点的依据。常见于立论型和驳论型论述中。
[Abstract]:The main contents and views of the verb "think", "say" and "know" are as follows: first, the discourse markers consisting of the core of the verb "look" mainly inspect the discourse markers "I see" and "you see". The discourse markers "I see" mainly discuss the discourse markers which are developed into discourse markers. The semantic basis, "I see" the analysis of the action and the discourse context, and the discourse markers in the context of the interview, "I think so". The discourse markers "you see" mainly discuss its judgment, the analysis and the context of the discourse, and the words "you see" in the context of the conversation. The main point of view is "discourse markers" I The formation of "look" is also related to the observation meaning of "see". The formation of a reminders "you see" is related to the visual experience of the common experience of the two parties. When the speaker performs the speech act of the assertion, the word "I see" indicates that a proposition is determined only from the perspective of "me", "I" guarantee and believe it It makes the content of the proposition with a certain subjectivity, reduces the objectivity of the expression, reduces the degree of affirmation or negation, and tends to be more euphemistic. In the proposed speech act, "I see" is mainly on the precondition of the suggestion, reflecting the speaker's thinking to the hearer, and therefore is sincere, so that it is built. It is more euphemistic. In the speech act of expression, "I see" reflects the fact of the speaker and the process of judging the value of the speaker. It shows that the speaker's feelings are based. "I see" the common text context includes the turning relationship and the causality. The precondition of the affirmation of the richness has the potential to enhance the face of the other side, and the expression is more euphemistic. The reminding of the words "you see", "you see", when the speaker states a fact or situation, has the function of changing the expression angle of view, reflecting the speaker's close note to the hearer and expressing more euphemism. From the text context, "you see" "I see" is a variant of the discourse marker "I see" in the context of interview. In the general context of conversation, the discourse marker "you see" is mainly a reminder function. Second, a discourse marker composed of "think" verbs as the core is the main exploration. The determination of "I think", the context of the discourse, the discourse context, the discourse markers "you think", the discourse function and the discourse function, and the discourse markers in the interview context "I feel". The main point is that "thinking" as a cognitive act embodies the continuity of the cognitive process and the embodiment of it. When the speaker narratives the content of the thought, it is the narrative of the result of his thinking. The discourse markers, "I think" and "you think", do not all follow the semantic evolution process of "think". "You want" is a verb phrase "you think" to give the listener a change of perspective. "You want to think." From the point of view of speech act, the discourse marker "I think" is used to lead to assertions, focusing on showing that a proposition belongs to its own subjective view, and does not emphasize its factual evidence, with great uncertainty. From the text, the content and the content ahead of the "I think" are semantically related to the reasons. The function of the discourse marker "you want" is mainly to remind the other person to pay attention to an obvious fact or truth. In the text, "you think" is used to lead to the explanation of explanatory discourse. "I think" as a discourse marker to express the subjective opinion of the speaker, it is coagulated. The frequency of "I think" in the interview program is far greater than "I think", "I think". Because of the nature of the program, the identity of the guest, the purpose of the interview and even the interview atmosphere will directly affect the use of the "I feel" by the host and the guest. Third, the discourse markers made up of "say" are mainly discussed. The discourse markers of the assertion "I dare say", the discourse markers "say" and "say", and compare the sources of discourse markers and conjunctions "farewell". The main idea is that the speaker leads a assertion by "I dare say" to embody its attention to the basic conditions and sincere conditions of the assertion, that is, the speaker believes and promises something. The reason why the speaker uses the word mark "I dare say" leads to the assertion, which is mainly to remind the listener that although the following assertion is hyperfactual and exaggerated, the speaker still believes and ensures it is true. "I dare say" the current context includes subjective inferences, dissenting, doing. The function of the discourse marker "speaking" is based on the beginning and continuation of its expression. It appears at the beginning of the word wheel marking speech act. At the beginning, it is used to elicit an unusual or regrettable discourse that appears in the middle of the word to indicate the continuation of the speech act, which leads to the content related to the aforementioned words. The conjunctions "farewell" and the discourse marker "farewell" are derived from their verb phrase forms. "Another" is a discourse marker, and its metalinguistic negation is an internal speech. The language plays a role, reflecting the speaker's negation of the original cognition of the self. The discourse mark "farewell" is not to highlight the relationship between the original cognition and the fact, but to show the new and supernormal rules of the fact. The speaker expresses a new information from the speaker's perspective to express a more expressive force and the expression. Fourth, the discourse markers consisting of the core of the verb "know" are mainly studied in the domain of the novel. The main contents of the discourse include: "you know" and "you do not know", and the discourse markers "you do not know", and the atypical discourse markers "I know" And the semantic basis of the discourse markers "I do not know" is the semantic basis of the formation of "I do not know". Finally, the discourse markers "want to know". The main idea is that the most important thing is to see the stress of the sentence "you know / do not know Y". "I know" "I don't know" is a description of a speaker's state of cognition. Because when a speaker says he knows a message, it means he is convinced that a certain information is true. So, "know" is true. "I know" is equivalent to "I'm sure", "I don't know", "I'm not sure", the two are all Developing the function of discourse markers. "I know" is an atypical discourse marker. "I know" alone "I know" even has the function of expressing a speaker's posture, but it is based on a speaker's description of one's own information. "I know" with a small sentence and a multiple sentence object, although it is in rhythm. There is independence, which is syntactically deleable, but the most important thing is that it is not good to establish whether it participates in the clause of a clause. The discourse marker "want to know" is developed by the verb phrase expressing "need to know". It does not participate in the construction of the propositional content of the adjacent clauses, which is syntactically deleted, and then often stops. The discourse marker is a unit of rhythm. The "want to know" has a reminder function. "To know" is located at the beginning of the ring or the first position of the segment, used to lead to a common sense of knowledge as a follow-up point of view and further discussion. "To know" in the middle of a word or paragraph, to draw a fact or reason to support a certain one. The basis of view is commonly used in argumentation and refutation.

【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：H146.1

【参考文献】