汉语趋向连动式的构式化研究

发布时间：2018-05-03 20:41

  本文选题：构式化 + 构式演化　； 参考：《西南大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：空间的体验与感知作为人类认知世界的出发点,它在人类思维形成的过程中占据重要的地位。汉语趋向连动式是人们感知世界和认知世界的一种空间范畴构式,而它的产生与演化不仅是汉语语法体系自我调配、自我适应的结果,更是汉民族在文化、心理和思维方式上相促相生的产物。然而,汉语趋向连动式的构式化研究,尤其是在构式的形式和意义演化方面的研究,一直以来却未受到学界足够的关注与重视。而且学界对汉语趋向连动式在历时维度和共时维度上的研究较为零散,未成系统,不能全面、深入地考察它的构式演化历程。有鉴于此,本研究以历时构式语法中的构式化理论(constructionalization theory)为基础,尝试把汉语趋向连动式的形式和意义的演化视为一个整体的构式化过程,从理论建构与构式实例分析出发,对其构式的形式和意义的演化予以同等关注,旨在揭示隐藏在其构式化背后的认知机制和动因,以期丰富构式化的理论研究成果并扩展构式化理论在汉语语法体系中的研究和运用范围。汉语语法体系的研究需要不断借鉴一些新兴的语言学理论才能深入地推进和发展。构式化理论是认知构式语法和历时构式语法思想的集中体现。构式化是构式的形式和意义的产生与演化的结果。每一种语言都会产生构式化,而汉语趋向连动式在主观趋向空间、客观趋向空间以及复合趋向空间的构式化研究尚处于探索阶段。因此,本研究致力于在构式化理论的基础上,主要探讨以下三个方面的问题:(1)汉语趋向连动式构式化的由来和表征手段是什么?(2)汉语趋向连动式的构式化表征引起了汉语趋向连动式的哪些构式演化类型?(3)隐藏在汉语趋向连动式背后的构式化机制是什么?本研究基于国家语委在线语料库的统计数据与分析,采用混合研究方法和个案研究方法,从共时和历时的角度,对汉语趋向连动式的构式化历程及其机制进行阐释。我们把汉语趋向连动式分为主观趋向连动式,客观趋向连动式和复合趋向连动式三种构式形式。我们对这三种构式产生的构式化已达成了一些认识,其研究发现归纳如下:第一,主观趋向连动式“V来/去”源于说话人水平空间的视角投射,进而表达说话人视角上的主观趋向构式义,在历时维度上演化为一种固化的语法标记构式。无论“v来/去”构式的形式和意义如何演化,它们在构式上的趋向意义都是说话人赋予的,都源于说话人的身体结构、空间特性和知觉环境相互作用的结果。“v来”构式表征说话人视角上的“靠近”义,而“v去”构式表征说话人视角上的“离去”义。主观趋向连动式的构式化表征既包含说话人参照点的因素,也遵循信息编码的时序原则,同时说话人主观视角的选择会制约叙事语篇的连贯性。这些构式化表征的手段引起主观趋向连动式在历时维度上演化为具有承接功能、目的标记功能和事态助词功能的构式类型。承接功能的构式演化为目的标记的构式演化和事态助词的构式演化提供了句法语境、语义条件和前构式演化的准备。目的标记功能的构式演化处于承接功能的构式演化和事态助词功能演化的过渡语境阶段,即临界语境阶段或使成语境(enablingcontexts)阶段。事态助词的构式演化是主观趋向连动式的后构式演化阶段,表现出一定的滞留性和较强的能产性。构式中的自主—依存性、说话人思维的类比化和说话人视角的主观化是引起汉语主观趋向连动式发生构式化的主要机制。从自主—依存联结的关系来看,“v来/去”构式体现双重和不可分离的语义关系。说话人与听话人之间对自主成分和依存成分的关注度是相等的,其视点都聚焦于具体化空位的关系上。构式化的运作机制是一种意向性的活动,它的产生受到意向性因素的制约。从自主成分推衍出来的依存成分主要是通过自主成分与依存成分之间的相邻或相似关系才得以实现。因此,构式化的产生受相邻或相似关系的制约。说话人使用语义类推的方式建构新的构式表达式。类比化是触发汉语主观趋向连动式向其他构式类型演化的主要机制。说话人的主观视角引起“v来/去”构式具有消解说话人视角偏差的作用。第二,客观趋向连动式源于人们对空间方位感知和互动的认知方式。这种方式投射到语言结构中就具有对应的构式形式和意义,并且在说话人心理上形成一种固化的构式。客观趋向连动式的形成遵循格式塔感知的机理,体现出人们空间垂直方位感知的整体性。从“v上/下”构式形式来看,说话人在与客观趋向空间交互时用于描述事件的起点、过程、终点以及持续性状态的认知参照点是一个连续体的图式构式。它们形式的演化是链状型的模式。从“v上/下”构式意义来看,说话人把趋向空间的意义映射到非趋向空间的意义上,而这些意义是处于一个整体的构式网络体系之中的。“v上/下”构式均具有链状型模式和辐射型模式。引起这两种构式演化路径的主要机制是人们在认知上的范畴化和隐喻化。构式化的使成语境引起“v上/下”构式发生扩展和泛化,触发说话人在原型构式和非原型构式之间作出意向性选择,引起说话人使用非范畴化的手段表达空间概念。“v上/下”空间隐喻构式的形成是在特定文化基础上产生的。“v上/下”构式隐喻化的基础是事物之间的相似性,而人们对“v上/下”空间构式感知的相似性又为隐喻的表达创造相似的感知经验并提供无限的动力。第三,复合趋向连动式是人们根据物体方位和说话人所在位置表征出的一种复合空间构式。它主要表达主客观趋向空间的位移和变化。我们主要考察“v上来/上去”和“v下来/下去”构式在历时维度上从表示具体的趋向空间意义向表示抽象的非空间意义的演化,在构式内部形成新的构式形式和新的构式意义,从而产生构式化。复合趋向连动式中“v上来/上去”和“v下来/下去”构式化的表征手段主要遵循距离像似性原则和时间顺序象似性原则。前者可以从定位宾语和无定位宾语两个方面进行构式化表征。后者可以通过先后型构式和同步型构式进行构式化表征。这样的构式化表征会引起“v上来/上去”和“v下来/下去”出现构式空缺。说话人在感知上的突显,心理上的突显和视角上的典型性是导致这些构式空缺的主要因素。复合趋向连动式是新分析和类比化机制共同作用的结果。说话人对构式中的处所宾语和行为动词作出了不同程度上的识解和新分析,这种认知机制导致了复合趋向连动式发生构式演化,引起趋向连动式向不同层级的构式类型扩展。处所成分直接进入到行为动词与复合趋向动词之间进行新的构式建构,并成为复合趋向连动式中的处所宾语,在此基础上,主体原有的视角通过类比思维和新分析的机制建立起来。同时这两种认知机制使复合趋向连动式以链状型和辐射型的模式发生构式化。复合趋向连动式作为空间表达的构式系统,它的构式化具有动态性、连续性和层级性的特征。本研究的创新点主要体现在以下三个方面。首先,本文基于构式化理论阐释了汉语趋向连动式在形式和意义上的构式化历程,从而尝试提出汉语趋向连动式的构式化路径既有“链状型”的模式,也有“辐射型”的模式,为汉语其他动词的构式演化提供了新的视角。其次,本文进一步地丰富了构式化理论研究的内涵并指出了英语构式化理论研究应该实现多层面的研究模式。对汉语展开的构式化研究,不仅可以从微观层面透视构式的演化规律,而且可以从宏观层面纵向把握构式的演化进程,从而突破微观层面单一的构式化研究模式。最后,本研究的结论亦可为探究构式的起源提供参考,也为“构式是如何习得的”这一难题寻觅到理论依据。
[Abstract]:The experience and perception of space as the starting point of the human cognition world, it occupies an important position in the process of human thinking, and the Chinese trend is a spatial category structure that people perceive the world and the cognitive world, and its generation and evolution is not only the self adjustment of the Chinese grammar system, the result of self adaptation, but also the Han Dynasty. However, the study of Chinese tendencies to be conjoined, especially in the form of structure and the evolution of meaning, has not received enough attention and attention from the academic circles. Moreover, the academic circles have studied the direction of the Chinese trend in the diachronic dimension and the synchronic dimension. In view of this, this study, based on the constructional theory of diachronic Grammar (Constructionalization theory), tries to view the formalization of the Chinese tendency to the form and meaning as a whole process of construction, from theoretical construction and construction. In order to enrich the theoretical research results and expand the research and application of the constructional theory in the Chinese grammar system, the study of the Chinese grammatical system needs not to be studied. The theory of constructional theory is the focus of cognitive structure grammar and diachronic grammar. Construction is the result of the formation and evolution of the form and meaning of the structure. This study is devoted to the following three aspects: (1) what are the origin and the means of the Chinese tending to be conjoined? (2) the Chinese tendencies of constructional representation cause the Chinese language. What are the structural evolution types of the trend continuous movement? (3) what is the structural mechanism hidden behind the Chinese tending pattern? Based on the statistical data and analysis of the online corpus of the National Language Committee, this study uses the mixed research method and the case study method to analyze the construction process of the Chinese trend connection from the synchronic and diachronic angles. The mechanism is explained. We divide the Chinese trend continuous movement into three forms of subjectively tending movement, objective trend and compound tendency. We have reached some understanding about the construction of the three constructions. The research finds out as follows: first, the concept of "V come / go" is derived from the level of the speaker. The perspective of space is projected, and then the subjective tendencies in the speaker's perspective are expressed, and they evolve into a curable grammatical structure in the diachronic dimension. No matter how the form and meaning of the "V to" structure evolves, the tendencies of their constructions are all derived from the speaker's body structure and spatial characteristics. The result of the interaction with the perceptual environment. The "V" structure represents the meaning of "close" in the speaker's perspective, while the "V" structure characterizes the meaning of "leaving" in the speaker's perspective. The subjective trend of the constructional representation includes the factors of the illumination point of the speech ginseng, the temporal principle of the information coding, and the subjective perspective of the speaker. The selection will restrict the coherence of the narrative discourse, which causes the subjective tendency to evolve into a constructional type with the function of acceptance, the purpose of marking and the function of the state of affairs in the diachronic dimension. The syntactic context, the semantic condition and the preparation of the evolution of the former structure. The structure evolution of the goal marking function is in the transitional context stage of the structure evolution of the undertaking function and the evolution of the function of the auxiliary word, that is, the critical context stage or the enablingcontexts stage. In the stage, there is a certain degree of retention and strong productivity. The independence and dependence of the structure, the analogy of the speaker's thinking and the subjectivism of the speaker's perspective are the main mechanisms of the subjectivism of the Chinese subjectivism. From the relationship of independence and dependence, the "V to" structure embodies dual and non separation. The semantic relationship between the speaker and the hearer is equal to the degree of concern between the independent component and the dependent component. The point of view is focused on the relation of the specific vacancy. The operation mechanism of construction is a kind of intentional activity, and its production is restricted by the intentional factors. The dependent components derived from the independent component are mainly through the passage. The adjacent or similar relationship between the independent components and the dependent components can be realized. Therefore, the formation of the structure is restricted by adjacent or similar relationships. The speaker constructs a new constitutive expression using semantic analogies. Analogy is the main mechanism that triggers the evolution of the Chinese subjective tendency to the other structure type. The view point of view causes the "V come / go" structure to eliminate the deviation of the speaker's perspective. Second, the objective tendency is derived from the cognitive style of people's perception and interaction in spatial orientation. This way of projecting into the language structure has corresponding structure and meaning, and forms a kind of solidified structure in the speaker's psychology. In the form of "V / lower", the speaker is used to describe the starting point of the event, the process, the end point and the continuous character state of the cognitive reference point, which is a continuum structure. The evolution of their form is a chain type pattern. From the "V / lower" structure meaning, the speaker maps the meaning of the tendency space to the meaning of the non tendency space, and these meanings are in a whole network system. The "V / down" structure has chain type and radiation pattern. These two kinds cause these types. The main mechanism of the structural evolution path is the categorization and metaphorization of people's cognition. The context induces the expansion and generalization of the "V / lower" structure, triggering the speaker to make the intention choice between the prototype and the archetype, causing the speaker to express the concept of space using the means of non categorization. "V / down" The formation of spatial metaphorical structure is produced on a specific cultural basis. The metaphorical basis of "V upper / lower" structure is the similarity between things, while people's similarity in spatial perception of "V / down" space creates similar perceptual experience and unlimited power for metaphorical expression. Third, compound tendencies are people A complex spatial structure characterized by the position of the object and the location of the speaker. It mainly expresses the displacement and change of the subjective and objective tendency space. We mainly examine the evolution of the "V up / up" and "V down / down" structure from the specific tendency spatial meaning to the abstract non spatial meaning in the diachronic dimension. The new structure form and the new constructional meaning are formed within the structure, and the structure transformation is produced. The representation means of "V up / up" and "V down / down" are mainly followed by the principle of distance iconicity and the iconicity of time sequence. The former can be derived from the two aspects of the orientation object and the non localizing object. Constructional characterization. The latter can be characterized by structural and synchronous structures. Such structured representations can cause "V up / up" and "V down / down". The speaker's prominence in perception, psychological prominence and the typicality of the perspective are the main causes of these structural vacancies. The compound tendency continuous movement is the result of the joint action of the new analysis and the analogical mechanism. The speaker makes a different degree of understanding and new analysis on the object and the behavior verb in the structure. This cognitive mechanism leads to the evolution of the complex tendencies and causes the expansion of the structure type to the different levels. The composition of the premises is directly entered into a new constructional construction between the behavioral verb and the compound tendency verb, and it becomes the object of the compound direction. On this basis, the original perspective of the subject is established by the analogical thinking and the mechanism of the new analysis. At the same time, the two recognition mechanisms make the compound trend linked with the chain type and the spoke. The pattern of the pattern is structured. The composite tendencies are used as the spatial expression system, and its construction has the characteristics of dynamic, continuous and hierarchical. The innovation of this study is mainly embodied in the following three aspects. Firstly, this paper explains the form and meaning of the Chinese tendencies based on the constructional theory. In this way, we try to put forward that the construction path of Chinese tendencies has a "chain type" pattern and a "radiation type" model, which provides a new perspective for the construction of other verbs in Chinese. Secondly, this paper further enriches the connotation of the study of constructional theory and points out that the study of English constructional theory should be true. The research pattern of the multi level study. The study of the construction of Chinese is not only to perspective the evolution of the structure from the micro level, but also to grasp the evolution process of the structure from the macro level, so as to break through the single structure research pattern in the micro level. Finally, the conclusion of this research can also provide a reference for the origin of the inquiry structure. The examination also provides a theoretical basis for the problem of how construction is learned.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：H146.3
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本文编号：1840007