中国古代儒家“和”观念研究

发布时间：2018-05-20 23:30

  本文选题：和 + 中和　； 参考：《山东大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：本文以历代儒家经典为线索,对儒家“和”观念的起源、内涵与思想观念的内在发展轨迹,进行了梳理与理论分析,以此探究“和”观念在中国哲学文化形态中的独特内涵与理论特征,并力求展现儒家“和”观念背后中国哲学独特的问题意识、理论思维方式与价值关怀。本文的主旨在于梳理与阐释出从先秦到宋明时期儒家“和”观念的内涵特征,内在的发展轨迹与理路,这是本文的重点和难点所在,也是本文的创新之处。儒家“和”观念在不同的历史发展时期展现出了不同的思想范式。本论文在考察了“和”字的语源学分析的基础上,分别从礼乐之“和”、阴阳气感之“和”与天命心性之“中和”三个方面阐发了儒家“和”观念在不同历史时期的不同思想范式。第一章阐释“和”观念的源起。首先从甲骨文、金文入手对“和”做了相关的语源学方面的考察,揭示出“和”的原始本义与引申义,以求从根源处理解“和”之内涵。在此基础上,结合社会历史文化的发展,对“和”观念之源起的三代时期的“和”观念做了相关的阐释。最后围绕着“和”观念,对“和”与“中”、“中和”与“中庸”、“忠恕”、“仁义”、“致诚”等儒家思想中几个极为重要的观念之间的关系做了相关的考察,以求更全面地、完整地理解儒家“和”观念之内涵。第二章阐释儒家的礼乐之“和”观念。先秦儒家主要从人文层面的礼乐教化上阐释“和”。先秦儒家关注的重点是现实社会秩序的和谐有序上,在阐释“和”的内涵与特征时也重在将“和”纳入礼乐制度的范围之下进行考察。他们以人的中和本性为人性论依据,主张礼以致“和”,乐以成“和”,通过礼乐教化的方式来调节、涵养人的中和性情,进而来调和人与人、人与社会之间的关系,从而促进社会群体的整体有序之和谐。这个时期“和”观念的内涵、思想范式与理论特征可以概括为礼乐之“和”。第三章阐释儒家的阴阳气感之“和”观念。由《易传》开始,儒家开启了从宇宙论层面论“和”的阴阳气感之“和”思想模式。先秦儒家主要从人文主义层面上追求一种礼乐教化之“和”,而缺乏一种对“和”观念的形上理论建构。《易传》在吸收、借鉴道家的宇宙观之后对儒家思想“蔽于人而不知天”弊端进行了纠正与补充,使得儒家“和”观念开始展现出一种形上的宇宙论理论维度。《易传》把“太极”作为宇宙万物的本源,而“太极”即是阴阳淳和未分之气,即是一种阴阳气感之“和”。本源之“和”按着阴阳和合之道化生了宇宙万物,宇宙的化生及其万物之间动态的整体和谐即是在阴阳交感、阴阳变易的过程中得以实现的,阴阳和合之道成为宇宙生命和谐历程的根本法则。由《易传》开启的阴阳气感之“和”思想范式成了战国中晚期、汉代儒家“和”观念的主要内涵特征与思想范式。汉代的“和”即是一种天人合一视野下的阴阳气感之“和”,至宋初的张载,天地万物之间的阴阳气感之“和”观念达到了思想理论的高峰。第四章阐释儒家的天命心性之“中和”观念。宋明理学主要依据《中庸》首章的“中和”观,围绕“未发”、“已发”、“天命”、“心性”、“体用”等范畴,从形而上的天命、心性的层面对“中和”观展开了细致的论述。宋明理学通过对《中庸》、《易传》、《大学》等原始儒家文献的挖掘,融合佛老思想,并结合自身的心理体验与理论建构,找到了“中和”的形而上的天命与心性论的依据,使得“中和”的天命、心性内涵在宋明理学中被大加阐发。由于《中庸》对“中”与“和”、“未发”、“已发”等概念并未做出明确而清晰地界定,这就为对其做出进一步的诠释与阐发保留了极大的理论空间。这个时期的“中和”观系统、深刻而富有思辨性,“中和”被赋予了至高无上的形而上地位以及心性化的色彩,我们把这个时期“和”观念的内涵特征与思想范式概括为天命心性中和观。
[Abstract]:This paper, taking the Confucian classics as the clue, makes an analysis of the origin, the connotation and the inner development of the Confucian concept of "and", and explores the unique connotation and theoretical characteristics of the concept of "and" in Chinese philosophical culture, and tries to find out the unique question of Chinese Philosophy behind the "harmony" concept of Confucianism. The main purpose of this article is to sort out and explain the connotations of the concept of "harmony" from the pre Qin period to the song and Ming Dynasties, the inner development path and the logical path, which is the key and difficult point of this article, and also the innovation of this article. The concept of Confucian "harmony" is displayed in different historical periods. On the basis of the analysis of the etymology of "he", this paper expounds the different thinking patterns of the Confucian "harmony" in different historical periods from the three aspects of the "harmony" of the rites and music, the "harmony" of yin and Yang and the "Neutralization" of the nature of the nature. The first chapter explains the origin of the concept of "harmony". First of all, from the oracle bone inscription and Jin Wen, we have made an investigation of the related etymology of "he" and revealed the original meaning and extension meaning of "he" in order to understand the connotation of "and" from the origin. On this basis, the concept of "harmony" in the three generation period, which originated from the concept of "harmony", was related to the development of the social and historical culture. In the end, the relationship between "harmony" and "Zhong", "Zhong" and "Zhong", "Zhong" and "Zhongyong", "loyalty and forgiveness", "benevolence" and "sincerity" were investigated in the last, in order to fully understand the connotation of the Confucian "and" concept in an all-round way. The second chapter explains the Confucianism. The Confucianists in the pre Qin period mainly explain the "harmony" from the humane level of rites and music. The emphasis of the pre Qin Confucianism is on the harmonious and orderly social order. In the interpretation of the connotation and characteristics of the "and", it is also emphasized under the scope of the "harmony" into the rites and music system. On the basis of the theory of human nature, the main Zhang Li so as "and" is "harmony", and the music is "and", through the way of the teaching of rites and music to adjust, cultivate people's neutralization, and then to reconcile the relationship between people and people, and the relationship between people and society, thus promoting the overall orderly harmony of the social groups. The third chapter explains the "harmony" of the Confucian School of yin and Yang. From the beginning of "Yi Zhuan", Confucianism opened the "and" thought pattern of the Yin and Yang feeling of "and" from the cosmological level. The pre Qin Confucianism pursued a kind of "harmony" from the humanistic level, and lacked a concept of "harmony". In the form of theoretical construction, < Yi Zhuan > to absorb and draw lessons from the Taoist universe view to correct and supplement the abuse of Confucian thought "to man but not to know the sky", which makes the Confucian "and" concept begin to show a dimensional theory dimension of form. The harmony between yin and Yang and the harmony between yin and yang are the fundamental laws of the harmonious course of life in the universe. The "harmony" of the Yin and Yang sense opened by the Yi Zhuan became the main connotations and ideological paradigms of the Confucian "harmony" in the Han Dynasty. The "harmony" of the Han Dynasty was the "harmony" of the Yin and Yang feeling under the vision of the harmony between the heaven and the man, and the "and" ideas of the Yin and Yang sense between the universe and the world reached the beginning of the Song Dynasty. The fourth chapter explains the "Neutralization" concept of the Confucianist's nature of heaven and soul. Song and Ming Neo Confucianism mainly based on the concept of neutralization in the first chapter of the doctrine of the mean, around the category of "not", "already", "destiny", "heart", "body use" and so on, from the metaphysical life to the "Neutralization" view of the heart. Through the excavation of the original Confucian literature, such as "Zhongyong >", "Yi Zhuan >" and "University >", Song Ming Neo Confucianism, combining the Buddhist and old thoughts, combined with his own psychological experience and theoretical construction, found the metaphysical destiny of "Neutralization" and the basis of the theory of mind, which made the "Neutralization" the destiny of the heart and the intension of the heart were elucidated in the Neo Confucianism of song and Ming. The concept of "zhong" and "harmony", "unissued" and "already sent" have not been defined clearly and clearly. This has retained a great theoretical space for its further interpretation and elucidation. The system of "Neutralization" in this period is profound and thoughtable, and "Neutralization" has been given the supreme metaphysical position and heart. In terms of sexual color, we summarize the connotations and thinking patterns of the concept of "harmony" in this period into the concept of heaven, nature, mind and neutrality.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B21
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本文编号：1916731